Adapted Physical Activity (APA): Philosophy and Professional Education

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Adapted Physical Activity (APA) Philosophy and
Professional Education

• Dr. Claudine Sherrill, CAPE
• Texas Womans University (TWU)
• Founder of APA Prof Prep, TWU
• Past President of IFAPA

CAPE is the national certification based on
APENS knowledge and administered by a prof.
organization
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Recent Experimentation with Critical Pedagogy
Engaging Future APA Specialist in Reflective and
Critical Reasoning

• Decided to expose students to critical pedagogy,
  an approach in which the teacher systematically
  shares power (and the decision making) that
  accompanies it. Sharing power requires trust, so
  getting to know each other in multiple roles is
  important to teacher and students.
• Autobiographies, journals, and position papers
  are recommended strategiesRequire
  autobiographies as first homework.

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• Reflective thinking is interpreting and giving
  personal meaning to day-by-day experiences.
  Relating past and present experience to the
  future. Reflect on how reading and class
  activities contribute. Keep a journal.
• Critical thinking is judging or evaluating, using
  standards or criteria. Can result in positive or
  negative outcomes ask why. Explain why
  standards or criteria are credible, truthworthy.

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Born in 1934 in The Great Depression

• Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt, my 1st hero
• In office 1933 to 1945
• Worst of Times 22 unemployment
• People in line for food, scared
• Created 1st social welfare and
• job programs
• Had polio, but kept disability a secret
• Never seen in wheelchair in public
• We have nothing to fear,
• but fear itself. - FDR

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Raised in small town in Midwest

• Indiana Land of Farms, Corn, Hogs
• Parents were young, mother an orphan and father
  from poor farm family.
• Sickness dominated
• Father sick a lot, genetic disease constant pain
  similar to cancer.
• I was sick a lot with sever asthma, until age 12
  no effective medicine
• Shy, absent from school,
• not allowed outside to play

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We have nothing to fear, but fear itself. -
President Franklin D. Roosevelt

• 19411-1945 World War II
• Brought jobs
• Lower Class became Middle Class
• We learned HATE
• Hate is the underlying emotion with regard to
• Stigma, stereotypes
• Prejudice
• Emotions can be learned through war
• Experienced by people with disabilities

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Most famous leader of early Civil Rights
Movement Began in 1954

• I have a dream that one day this nation will
  rise up and live out the true meaning of its
  creed We hold these truths to be self-evident
  that all men are created equal.
• I have a dream that the sons of former slaves
  and the sons of former slave owners will be able
  to sit down together at the table of
  brotherhood.
• I have a dream that my 4 children will one day
  live in a nation where they are not judged by the
  color of their skin by the content of their
  character. I have a dream today.

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The Kennedy Family 8 Children

• Pres. John F. Kennedy (1917-1963) Mentored PE
  recreation for children with intellectual
  disabilities (ID).
• Oldest sister Rosemary Kennedy had a mild ID, as
  an adult committed to residential facility.
• Sister Eunice Kennedy Shriver started Special
  Olympics (1968), active until her death in 2009.
• Sister Jean Kennedy Smith started Arts for the
  Handicapped Movement (1974).
• Youngest brother Edward Kennedy, spent life in
  Senate, leading Democratic Party, fighting for
  rights of all until death in 2009.

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• What is the American Dream? If you work hard,
  youll get ahead! You CAN succeed. You can give
  your children a better life than you have had.
  Collectively, we can make the world BETTER. The
  dream is the glue that holds us all together.
  Its the vague promise that our life will get
  better over time . . . (Paraphrased from Oct 3,
  2010 newspaper)
• . . . the struggles of men and women seeking the
  American dream . . . . their determination,
  their self-reliance, a relentless optimism in the
  face of hardship. . . Having the audacity to
  believe despite all the evidence to the contrary.
  . . to believe that we have some control -- and
  therefore responsibility -- over our own fate(p.
  356, The Audacity of Hope).

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Pres. Barack Obama

• 1961 Born in Hawaii of white American mother and
  black Kenyan father, both attending college
  (Mixed marriages are still against law in most of
  50 states). Maternal grandparents migrated to
  Hawaii with daughter, were very supportive.
• Father (Barack) was Muslim, raised in Kenya to be
  a tribal leader Mother (Ann) was Protestant,
  ecletic (attended all churches), raised in
  Kansas. Barack means blessed by God in Arabic.
  During this time, father professed atheism (no
  religious beliefs).
• Baracks father, described as brilliant, lived
  with family until Barack was age 2 then left
  Hawaii for mainland USA scholarships completed
  PhD returned to Kenya.
• At age 6, Barack accompanied Mother to Indonesia,
  where they lived with 2nd husband, an Asian.
  Barack attended Catholic school, then Muslim
  school, in his 5 years there.

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Pres. Barack Obama Diversity

• At age 11, returned to Hawaii to live with
  maternal grandparents during his adolescent
  years. Life was predominantly in white
  neighborhood and schools (extremely unusual at
  the time). Main interest was basketball. Barack
  began to experience racial identity crisis,
  longed for influence of black father.
• Barack attended universities in USA. Had
  difficulty adjusting to racial prejudice, so
  accepted job as community organizer in
  poverty-stricken, predominantly black South side
  of Chicago (Midwest). Attracted to power of
  African American religious tradition (all-black
  churches) to spur social change. Embraced the
  Christian faith, was baptized, joined all-black
  Trinity United Church of Christ active in that
  church until elected President.
• Received PhD from Harvard, returned to Chicago as
  civil rights attorney, also taught at prestigious
  University of Chicago Law School. Married black
  attorney (Michelle), also a graduate of Harvard
  University, had 2 children. Became involved in
  politics, was a Democrat, primarily concerned
  with poverty, ethnicity, and prejudice human
  rights, health care for all and reclaiming the
  American Dream.
• Elected President 2009

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The following are individuals throughout history
who have shaped my beliefs, values,
philosophies (personal and professional)
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Philosophy Guiding United Nations 2006
Convention on Rights of Persons with Disabilities

• 1. Nondiscrimination Fight against prejudice
• 2. Respect for difference
• 3. Participation social inclusion
• 4. Accessibility (Universal Design)
• 5. Equality of opportunity
• 6. Respect for changing capacities
• 7. Health
• 8. Ensuring that health systems provide
  adequately/equally for all persons
• 9. Self-esteem and empowerment
• 10. Autonomy/Independence/Intrinsic Motivation

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• What does Adapted Physical Activity look like?

DIVERSITY
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Professional Preparation Model forAPE/APA
Service Delivery
Philosophy of APE/APA Direct Service
Delivery Vision - Beliefs - Purpose -
Domains - Goals - Outcomes
Scientific Practice Knowledge about Service
Delivery Theories - Principles - Models
- Practices Underlying Assumptions
Job Functions or Services
Competencies and/or Standards
Professional Roles
APENS Sherrill Textbook
APE Teacher in Special Class APE Teacher in
Mainstream APE Consultant APA Researcher APA
In-service Continuing Ed APA Family
Worker Afterschool Sport Coach
P Planning A Assessment P Preparation,
Paperwork, Participation T Teaching/Counseling
/Coaching E Evaluation C Consulting
Collaboration A Advocacy
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Sherrill Adapted Physical Activity Professional
Education Paradigm
Physical activity exercise science theories
Individual differences (person-environment
interactions ecological) theories
Disability Studies, Empowerment, social science
theories
Attitude theories
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Debate on Which Develops 1st?

• BELIEFS are cognitions thoughts, ideas, facts,
  values that are learned.
• ATTITUDE is feeling or emotion, the
  predisposition to like or dislike, to avoid or
  approach.

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Attitude-First Model
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Popular Attitude Change Modelof Ajzen Fishbein
Theory
Beliefs Attitude Intentions or Goals Actions
or Behaviors
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Contact Theory to Teach Inclusion
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Try another way! How many different ways can you
lift these weight? How should we teach creative
thought movement?
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NOTHING ABOUT US WITHOUT US

• Slogan of disability movement
• Appropriate for any minority group

Consultant invited to evaluate course content
presentation
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We ADAPT the way we provide (or deliver)
each service.

• Adapt planning P
• Adapt assessment A
• Adapt preparation, paperwork, meetings
  P
• Adapt teaching, counseling, coaching
  T
• Adapt evaluation E
• Adapt consultation collaboration
  C
• Adapt advocacy A

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Consultation Advocacy
PAP-TE-CA Service Delivery Model
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Adapt Planning School-wide
Multicultural
Assess General Ed. Comfort set up faculty
mentors, faculty workshops
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Adapt Assessment
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Adapt Preparation,Paperwork, Meetings
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Adapt Teaching,Counseling, Coaching
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Use personal affirmations Everyone can. I
can.
Solve problems, when possible, through moving in
different ways to find solutions experiment with
body parts explore show and tell.
Solve problems, when possible, through moving in
different ways to find solutions experiment with
body parts explore show and tell.
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Adapt Evaluation Continuous, Formative,
Summative
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Adapt Consultation Collaboration
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Adapt Advocacy, Work with Parents
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Sherrills Instructional Adaptation Model
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Adapt activities
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Adapt equipment
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Adaptation is Making an Outcome or Process
Different

• Outcome
• Easier or harder
• More or less enjoyable
• More or less painful
• Process
• FIT (Frequency, Intensity, Time or duration)
• Closed vs. Open movement patterns
• Random vs. Same conditions or challenges

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Guidelines for Adaptation Theory

• ADAPTATIONS BENEFIT EVERYONE.
• Involve the target person or group in all aspects
  of change
• Adaptation is an active, cooperative process.
  Adaptation is NOT something someone does to you
  or for you. Adaptation is mutual, cooperative.
• Encourage persons with disabilities to INITIATE
  their own adaptations MAY I TRY ANOTHER WAY?.

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Guidelines for Adaptations

• ADAPT variables, not whole people or persons
• Consider task, environment, and person variables
  and how variables interact (ecological task
  analysis).
• Think psychomotor to emphasize that change
  affects total ecology (whole person in relation
  to environment). Change is a holistic process.
• Assess barriers and enablers.
• Begin adaptation with assessment of a specific
  goal and what needs changed to achieve this goal.

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Professional Education _at_ TWU

• Programs with specialization in Adapted Physical
  Activity
• Bachelor of Science (BS) 120 hours physical or
  Special Education
• Master of Science (MS) 36 hours of classes
  teacher certification.
• Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) 96 hours minor

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Types of Professional Education (Real Online
Preservice Inservice)

• Disability Awareness Activities
• Volunteer Opportunities
• Afterschool, Special Olympics
• Peer Teaching 11
• Readers Helpers for blind classmate
• Weekend summer camp counseling

• Preservice
• High School
• Recruitment into APA college specialization
• Mentor to maintain interest
• Scholarships

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Preservice Education/Continued

• Texas Womans University (TWU)
• Bachelor of Science
• Courses in
• Liberal arts
• Education
• APA theory
• APE Activity/skill
• Student teaching
• 3 hour APA 11 teaching practicum
• Dual major in special ed. recommended

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Preservice-BS degreeSame activities as used in
high school

• Work with campus disability office
• Join local, state, national professional
  organizations attend meetings
• Volunteer to be a participant in research
  projects
• Help recruit high school students into APA
• Support local wheelchair sports

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Inservice---Professional Ed.

• Education after BS degree, while employed
• Emphasis on learning to teach to Standards
• Required school-sponsored group workshopsTX
  requires 10 days of such workshops every year
  check this out.
• Optional group workshops, many types some paid
  for by employers.
• Consultant - Specialists come to gym help as
  co-teachers.
• Plans that combine different kinds of consultant
  help with use of technology
• Continuing Education 3rd type of Prof Ed.

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Professional Education

• Texas Womans University (TWU)
• Master of Science (MS) 36 credit hours of classes
  
• MS students
• Take classes in academic (scientific theory)
• 1-year program
• 12 to 15 credits, Fall 12 to 15 credits, Spring
  12 credits, Summer
• Complete practicum experience (practice theory)
  in school settings
• Perform 15 hours a week of community service
  related to APA (about 180 hours each semester)

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MS students _at_ TWU

• Assist with the APA undergraduate practicum
  course as mentor to undergraduate teachers,
  Fridays 9am to 12pm
• Coach/organize Special Olympics tournaments,
  Sport Days for Blind
• Field trips for students with disabilities
• Fishing
• Bowling
• Community-based recreation

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PhD students _at_ TWU

• PhD specialization in Adapted Physical Activity
• Minimum 96 hours credit hours
• Depending on the student, completion between 3 to
  7 years
• Credits distribution theory courses, practicum
  courses, research special topics
• Behavior Management, Assessment, Disability
  Sport, Motor Development, Exercise
  Prescription-People with Disabilities
• Comprehensive Exams
• Dissertation
• Minor Courses
• Nutrition, Psychology, Family Studies, Exercise
  Physiology

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Supplementary Requirements

• State Teaching License, take test, get license,
  each State has its own certification system.
• __________________________________
• APENS Voluntary National Exam for CAPES
  certifications
• APENS Adapted PE National Standards
• CAPES Certified APE Specialist
• Administered annually at several sites by
  National Consortium for PE Recreation for
  Individuals with Disabilities (NCPERID)

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FISHING!
BOWLING ALLEY!
Field Trips!
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Wheelchair basketball
Sports
Wii Tennis
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ROCK CLIMBING!
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Swimming for Students with Disabilities
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• For more information contact Claudine Sherrill at
  csherrill1_at_earthlink.net
• or
• www.ifapa.net