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Title: OGT%20PREP


1
OGT PREP
  • Life Science

2
Benchmark A for Life Science
  • Explain that cells are the basic unit of
    structure and function of living organisms, that
    once life originated all cells come from
    pre-existing cells, and that there are a variety
    of cell types.

3
Indicators for Benchmark A
  • 1. Explain that living cells
  • a. are composed of a small number of key
    chemical
  • elements (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
    nitrogen,
  • phosphorus and sulfur)
  • b. are the basic unit of structure and function
    of all living things
  • c. come from pre-existing cells after life
    originated, and
  • d. are different from viruses
  • 2. Compare the structure, function and
    interrelatedness of cell organelles in eukaryotic
    cells (e.g., nucleus, chromosome, mitochondria,
    cell membrane, cell wall, chloroplast, cilia,
    flagella) and prokaryotic cells.

4
Cell Theory
  • Indicator 1, Benchmark A

5
Sample Question
  • The cell theory is important to biology as the
    atomic theory is to chemistry. It was originally
    proposed in 1838 by Schleiden and Schwanand has
    developed through the years by many scientists
    through refinement by observation.

6
Sample Question
  • Which of the following is not one of the modern
    tenets of the cell theory?
  • a. the cell is the structural and functional
    unit of all living things.
  • b. all cells come from pre-existing cells.
  • c. all energy flow of life occurs within cells.
  • d. all cells contain the same organelles.

7
Sample Question
  • The correct answer is D. all cells contain the
    same organelles.
  • Remember, not all cells contain the same
    organelles. Some cells are specialized, for
    example the blood cells do not have a nucleus.

8
Structure
  • Indicator 2, Benchmark A

9
Sample Question
  • A basic organizing definition of life is the type
    of cells which compose the organism. The two
    main types of cells are the eukaryotic and
    prokaryotic cells. What is the essential
    difference between them?
  • a. One has ribosome's and the other does not.
  • b. One has a nucleus and the other does not.
  • c. One carries out photosynthesis and the other
    does not.
  • d. One has a cell wall and the other does not.

10
Sample Question
  • The correct answer is B. One has a nucleus and
    the other does not.
  • Remember, whether or not the cell contains a
    nucleus is the essential difference between the
    two types of cell.

11
Benchmark B for Life Science
  • Explain the characteristics of life as indicated
    by cellular processes and describe the process of
    cell division and development.

12
Indicators for Benchmark B
  • 3. Explain the characteristics of life as
    indicated by cellular processes including
  • a. homeostasis
  • b. energy transfers and transformation
  • c. transportation of molecules
  • d. disposal of wastes
  • e. synthesis of new molecules
  • 4. Summarize the general processes of cell
    division and differentiation, and explain why
    specialized cells are useful to organisms and
    explain that complex multicellular organisms are
    formed as highly organized arrangements of
    differentiated cells.

13
Characteristics of Life
  • Indicator 3, Benchmark B

14
Sample Questions
  • An essential distinction made in biology is the
    difference between living and non-living things
    as they are generally accepted in biological
    sciences.
  • Extended Response (4 points)

15
Sample Questions
  • This answer must contain most of the
    characteristics of life.
  • Composed of Cells
  • Carry out Metabolism
  • Maintain Homeostasis
  • Grow
  • React of Stimuli
  • Reproduce
  • Evolve

16
Cell Division
  • Indicator 4 (part), benchmark B

17
Sample Question
  • The cell cycle describes the reproduction of
    cells. The process of mitotic cell division as
    shown in the drawing below generally occurs in
    which order?
  • a. Metaphase, Telophase, Interphase, Prophase,
    Cytokinesis, Anaphase, Metaphase
  • b. Interphase, Telophase, metaphase, anaphase,
    interphase
  • c. prophase, interphase, metaphase, telophase,
    cytokinesis
  • d. interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase,
    telophase, cytokinesis, interphase

18
Sample Question
  • The correct answer is D. Interphase, Prophase,
    Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis,
    Interphase
  • Remember, during cell division you will always
    start and end with Interphase, which is the time
    between cell division.

19
Differentiation
  • Indicator 4 (part), benchmark B

20
Sample Question
  • The great variety of organisms is possible due
    to_________.
  • a. cell differentiation
  • b. cell specialization
  • c. Mitosis
  • d. None of the above

21
Sample Question
  • The correct answer is B. Cell specialization.
  • Remember, cell specialization enables
    multicellular organisms to adapt and survive in a
    variety of environments.

22
Benchmark C for Life Science
  • Explain the genetic mechanisms and molecular
    basis of inheritance.

23
Indicators for Benchmark C
  • 5. Illustrate the relationship of the structure
    and function of DNA to protein synthesis and the
    characteristics of an organism.
  • 6. Explain that a unit of hereditary information
    is called a gene, and genes may occur in
    different forms called alleles (e.g., gene for
    pea plant height has two alleles, tall and short).

24
Indicators for Benchmark C
  • 7. Describe that spontaneous changes in DNA are
    mutations, which are a source of genetic
    variation. When mutations occur in sex cells,
    they may be passed on to future generations
    mutations that occur in body cells may affect the
    functioning of that cell or the organism in which
    that cell is found.
  • 8. Use the concepts of Mendelian and
    non-Mendelian genetics (e.g., segregation,
    independent assortment, dominant and recessive
    traits, sex-linked traits and jumping genes) to
    explain inheritance.

25
Protein Synthesis
  • Indicator 5, Benchmark C

26
Sample Question
  • The genetic code inside the nucleus of a cell is
    important in cell reproduction and the production
    of proteins by the cell. Protein synthesis
    occurs outside the nucleus at the ribosome's.
    How does the genetic code for a protein get from
    the nucleus to the ribosome?
  • Short Answer (2 points)

27
Sample Question
  • mRNA codes the DNA strand inside the nucleus and
    then travels out to the cytoplasm to the
    ribosome. The mRNA carries the code for
    individual proteins.
  • Example, GCU codes for alanine

28
Genes
  • Indicator 6, Benchmark C

29
Sample Question
  • The basic unit of inheritance is held in the
    sequence of base pairs in a DNA molecule in a
    cell. A unit of information in this system is
    called___________.
  • a. DNA
  • b. a chromosome
  • c. an allele
  • d. a gene

30
Sample Question
  • The correct answer is D. gene.
  • Remember, the gene is the basic unit of heredity
    and can exist in one of several alleles. Base
    pairs form the 3 letter words which are used to
    code for specific proteins.

31
Mutations
  • Indicator 7, benchmark C

32
Sample Question
  • The environment has an impact on the inheritance
    of characteristics from parent to offspring.
    Three students made statements in a class debate
    about this topic
  • Student A Poisonous chemicals can cause
    mutations in genetic structure and these
    frequently cause evolutionary changes in species.
  • Student B Radiation from the sun and other
    extraterrestrial sources can cause mutations in
    skin cells which can be passed on to their
    offspring.
  • Student C Mutations can occur from many sources
    but they are usually repaired by the cell or
    result in fatal problems with the offspring.

33
Sample Question
  • Who has correctly stated the situation?
  • a. Student A only
  • b. Student B only
  • c. Student C only
  • d. Students A and C

34
Sample Question
  • The correct answer is C. Student C.
  • Remember, most mutations are usually repaired or
    are lethal. Mutations can only be passed on to
    offspring if they are in the sex cells.

35
Genetics
  • Indicator 8, benchmark C

36
Sample Question
  • A male and female pea plant are crossed. The
    phenotypes of the offspring are 75 tall plants
    and 25 short. Draw a Punnett Square that
    demonstrates the genotypes of the parents and the
    offspring.
  • Short Answer (2 points)

37
Sample Question
  • Be careful and make sure that you answer the
    question being asked.
  • They want you to draw a punnett square of the
    parental generation by using the known phenotypes
    of the offspring given in the question.
  • So your genotypes will be TT, Tt, and tt

38
Sample Questions
  • So the only way you could end up with 75 of the
    plants tall and 25 of the plants short, is if
    both parents were heterozygous tall (Tt).

t
T
T
TT Tt
Tt tt
t
39
Benchmark D for Life Science
  • Explain the flow of energy and the cycling of
    matter through biological and ecological systems
    (cellular, organismal and ecological).

40
Indicators for Benchmark D
  • 9. Describe how matter cycles and energy flows
    through different levels of organization in
    living systems and between living systems and the
    physical environment. Explain how some energy is
    stored and much is dissipated into the
    environment as thermal energy (e.g., food webs
    and energy pyramids).

41
Indicators for Benchmark D
  • 10. Describe how cells and organisms acquire and
    release energy (photosynthesis, chemosynthesis,
    cellular respiration and fermentation).
  • 11. Explain that living organisms use matter and
    energy to synthesize a variety of organic
    molecules (e.g., proteins, carbohydrates, lipids
    and nucleic acids) and to drive life processes
    (e.g., growth, reacting to the environment,
    reproduction and movement).

42
Ecosystem Cycles
  • Indicator 9, benchmark D

43
Sample Questions
  • The movement of molecules (energy) through a food
    web is a cycle. When is the cycle complete.
    Describe what happens once the cycle is complete.
  • Short Answer (2 points)

44
Sample Questions
  • First the answer must state that a cycle is
    completed when decomposers of the cycle return
    the molecules back to the environment.
  • Second, once the molecules are returned to the
    environment they can be used again by producers,
    which begins a new cycle.

45
Acquirement and Release of Energy
  • Indicator 10, benchmark D

46
Sample Questions
  • It can be said that humans and animals are solar
    powered. How can this statement be justified?
  • Short Answer (2 points)

47
Sample Question
  • The answer must state something about how the
    energy that animals use is stored in the foods
    they eat as sugars. These sugars are produced by
    plants during photosynthesis which is powered by
    the sun. Animals release the energy through the
    process of cellular respiration.

48
Synthesis
  • Indicator 11, benchmark D

49
Sample Questions
  • In order to make a copy of itself, in the process
    of mitosis, a cell must use raw materials and
    energy found in the cell and synthesize many
    different kinds of biological molecules. These
    synthesis processes require energy that is found
    stored in the cell as________.
  • a. ATP
  • b. chlorophyll
  • c. proteins
  • d. sugars

50
Sample Questions
  • The correct answer is A. ATP
  • Remember, ATP, or Adenosine Tri Phosphate, is the
    ENERGY molecule, which is made by the
    MITOCHONDRIA of the cell.

51
Benchmark E for Life Science
  • Explain how evolutionary relationships contribute
    to an understanding of the unity and diversity of
    life.

52
Indicators for Benchmark E
  • 12. Describe that biological classification
    represents how organisms are related with species
    being the most fundamental unit of the
    classification system. Relate how biologists
    arrange organisms into a hierarchy of groups and
    subgroups based on similarities and differences
    that reflect their evolutionary relationships.

53
Indicators for Benchmark E
  • 13. Explain that the variation of organisms
    within a species increases the likelihood that at
    least some members of a species will survive
    under gradually changing environmental
    conditions.
  • 14. Relate diversity and adaptation to structures
    and their functions in living organisms (e.g.,
    adaptive radiation).

54
Classification
  • Indicator 12, benchmark E

55
Sample Question
  • According to biologist Ernst Mayr in 1996,
    Species are groups of interbreeding natural
    populations that are reproductively isolated from
    other such groups. The arrangement of these
    groups for our understanding is known as
    taxonomy. It helps us describe the
    interrelatedness of different species.

56
Sample Question
  • In this process, which of the following would be
    most useful?
  • a. watching the feeding habits of similar
    organisms.
  • b. studying the skeletal structure of different
    organisms
  • c. studying the environments in which different
    organisms are found
  • d. performing a DNA analysis of different
    organisms

57
Sample Question
  • The correct answer is D. Performing a DNA
    analysis of different organisms.
  • Remember, modern taxonomy constructs cladograms,
    which are ancestry diagrams, based on
    similarities in the genetic make up.

58
Diversity
  • Indicator 13, benchmark E

59
Sample Question
  • Life on Earth is difficult since the environment
    is constantly changing. In order to survive,
    organisms have evolved adaptations which increase
    the likelihood that at least some of the
    population will survive under changing
    environmental conditions.

60
Sample Question
  • Which of the following represents this kind of
    adaptation?
  • a. keeping vestigial appendages which may some
    day be useful.
  • b. sexual reproduction, which provides for
    variation within the population.
  • c. the ability to quickly clone the entire
    population to make more individuals
  • d. strength and mobility to quickly leave an
    area that is environmentally challenging.

61
Sample Question
  • The correct answer is B. Sexual reproduction,
    which provides for variation within the
    population.
  • Remember, Sexual reproduction provides a varied
    population in which at least a few members of the
    population are likely to survive because of
    characteristics they possess that are different
    from other members of the population.

62
Biodiversity
  • Indicator 14, benchmark E

63
Sample Question
  • A shark and a dolphin both live in the same
    aquatic ecosystem, and both have similar
    adaptations to their environment for example,
    they both have fins. This is known as_________.
  • a. natural selection
  • b. adaptive radiation
  • c. convergent evolution
  • d. artificial selection

64
Sample Question
  • The correct answer is C. Convergent Evolution.
  • Remember, different species may converge as they
    adapt to similar environments.

65
Benchmark F for Life Science
  • Explain the structure and function of ecosystems
    and relate how ecosystems change over time.

66
Indicators for Benchmark F
  • 15. Explain how living things interact with
    biotic and abiotic components of the environment
    (e.g., predation, competition, natural disasters
    and weather).
  • 16. Relate how distribution and abundance of
    organisms and populations in ecosystems are
    limited by the ability of the ecosystem to
    recycle materials and the availability of matter,
    space and energy.

67
Indicators for Benchmark F
  • 17. Conclude that ecosystems tend to have cyclic
    fluctuations around a state of approximate
    equilibrium that can change when climate changes,
    when one or more new species appear as a result
    of immigration or when one or more species
    disappear.

68
Organisms and Environment
  • Indicator 15, benchmark F

69
Sample Question
  • In order to survive and place progeny in their
    environment, organisms must be adapted in ways
    that help them survive changing environmental
    conditions. Which of the following strategies
    would be the least adaptive to drought
    conditions?
  • a. the ability to go into a state of torpor
  • b. migration to other areas
  • c. shedding fur
  • d. the ability to find plants that store water

70
Sample Question
  • The correct answer is C. Shedding fur.
  • Remember, Shedding fur would be the least likely
    to be adaptive for a drought because it only
    allows for the control of heat in the organism.

71
Populations
  • Indicator 16, benchmark F

72
Sample Question
  • The distribution and abundance of organisms in an
    ecosystem is related to the abundance of
    materials found in that environment. Give an
    example of a limiting factor in the environment
    and its impact on the organisms found there.
  • Extended Response (4 points)

73
Sample Question
  • A correct answer will specifically identify a
    limiting factor and give examples of how it
    impacts the ecosystem.
  • Example, Water as the limiting factor, thus a
    decline in organisms.

74
Genetic Equilibrium
  • Indicator 17, benchmark F

75
Sample Question
  • It has recently been observed that the size of
    the polar ice cap is decreasing over time. This
    is critical to the ability of polar bears to move
    around in their environment and feed. Which is
    least likely to happen over time in this
    situation?
  • a. Polar bears will learn to hunt while
    swimming.
  • b. Polar bears will die off.
  • c. The seal population will go up.
  • d. The shark population will increase.

76
Sample Question
  • The correct answer is A. Polar bears will learn
    to hunt while swimming.
  • Remember, It is unlikely that a species can
    survive based on the ability of an individual to
    adapt to quickly changing conditions.

77
Benchmark G for Life Science
  • Describe how human activities can impact the
    status of natural systems.

78
Indicators for Benchmark G
  • 18. Describe ways that human activities can
    deliberately or inadvertently alter the
    equilibrium in ecosystems. Explain how changes in
    technology/biotechnology can cause significant
    changes, either positive or negative, in
    environmental quality and carrying capacity.
  • 19. Illustrate how uses of resources at local,
    state, regional, national, and global levels have
    affected the quality of life (e.g., energy
    production and sustainable vs. no sustainable
    agriculture).

79
Human Interaction
  • Indicator 18, benchmark G

80
Sample Question
  • As European civilization spread across the globe,
    ecosystems were inadvertently altered. Which of
    the following impacts is a likely reversible
    human impact?
  • a. the complete harvesting of the Dodo on the
    island of Mauritius by hunters in the 1600s
  • b. the disappearance of some marsupials in
    Australia because of the introduction of rabbits
  • c. the threatening of the Kirlands warbler
    because of fire suppression in their breeding
    territory.
  • d. the extinction of the Poouli, a small
    Hawaiian honeycreeper because of tree cutting
    and cats.

81
Sample Question
  • The correct answer is C. The threatening of the
    Kirlands Warbler because of fire suppression in
    their breeding territory.
  • Remember, Extinction is forever. Threatening
    extinction can still be reversed if the proper
    measures are taken.

82
Conservation
  • Indicator 19, benchmark G

83
Sample Question
  • The quality of life in the southern United States
    was significantly altered by Hurricane Katrina in
    2005. which human activity is likely not related
    to the enormous devastation experienced as a
    result of this storm?
  • a. increased shrimp fishing in the Gulf of
    Mexico
  • b. draining of swamp land for development in the
    Mississippi Delta area
  • c. the channeling of rivers and streams and
    building of dikes
  • d. increased erosion of barrier islands caused
    by changing the flow of water in the Delta

84
Sample Question
  • The correct answer is A. Increased shrimp fishing
    in the Gulf of Mexico.
  • Remember, shrimp fishing does impact the
    environment, but is not likely related to the
    destruction of Katrina.

85
Benchmark H for Life Science
  • Describe a foundation of biological evolution as
    the change in gene frequency of a population over
    time. Explain the historical and current
    scientific developments, mechanisms and processes
    of biological evolution. Describe how scientists
    continue to investigate and critically analyze
    aspects of evolutionary theory. (The intent of
    this benchmark does not mandate the teaching or
    testing of intelligent design.)

86
Indicators for Benchmark H
  • 20. Recognize that a change in gene frequency
    (genetic composition) in a population over time
    is a foundation of biological evolution.

87
Indicators for Benchmark H
  • 21. Explain that natural selection provides the
    following mechanism for evolution undirected
    variation in inherited characteristics exist
    within every species. These characteristics may
    give individuals an advantage or disadvantage
    compared to others in surviving and reproducing.
    The advantaged offspring are more likely to
    survive and reproduce. Therefore, the proportion
    of individuals that have advantageous
    characteristics will increase. When an
    environment changes, the survival value of some
    inherited characteristics may change.

88
Indicators for Benchmark H
  • 22. Describe historical scientific developments
    that occurred in evolutionary thought (e.g.,
    Lamarck and Darwin, Mendelian Genetics and modern
    synthesis).
  • 23. Describe how scientists continue to
    investigate and critically analyze aspects of
    evolutionary theory. (The intent of this
    indicator does not mandate the teaching or
    testing of intelligent design.)

89
Mutation
  • Indicator 20, benchmark H

90
Sample Question
  • Biological evolution is a central concept of our
    understanding the biological world. Which of the
    following is not a key condition for evolution to
    occur?
  • a. Genetic variation is present in the
    population.
  • b. There are more offspring produced than can
    survive.
  • c. Extinction of other species leaving empty
    niches.
  • d. There is environmental pressure to rely on
    inherited adaptations to survive.

91
Sample Question
  • The correct answer is C. Extinction of other
    species leaving empty niches.
  • Remember, this only results in the movement of
    current species into the new available niches.
    This does not have to occur for evolution to take
    place.

92
Natural selection
  • Indicator 21, benchmark H

93
Sample Question
  • What is the impact of changes in the environment
    on the survival of the species?
  • a. Individuals must spontaneously adapt to
    changing conditions.
  • b. the survival value of some inherited
    characteristics changes.
  • c. Fewer offspring will be born.
  • d. Sudden extinction is likely for many species

94
Sample Question
  • The correct answer is B. The survival value of
    some inherited characteristic changes.
  • Remember, genetic variation in a population will
    provide selective advantage in survival and
    reproduction.

95
Darwin
  • Indicator 22, benchmark H

96
Sample Question
  • Current evolutionary thought is an accumulation
    of observations and experiments over many years.
    Provide one example of a significant contribution
    to the field of evolutionary thought since the
    publication of Darwins Origin of the Species.
  • Short Answer (2 points)

97
Sample Question
  • The question wants a significant contribution.
  • Examples
  • Mendel and the inheritance of genes
  • Watson and Crick and the DNA helix
  • Redi and flies came from flies

98
Evolution
  • Indicator 23, benchmark H

99
Sample Question
  • Peter and Rosemary Grant spent years observing,
    tagging, and measuring Galapagos finches and
    their environment. During that time they
    documented environmental changes and how these
    changes favored certain individuals within the
    population. Those individuals survived and
    passed their characteristics on to the next
    generation, illustrating natural selection in
    action. What are characteristics of research
    that lead to significant findings?
  • Extended Response (4 points)

100
Sample Question
  • In order to be considered significant it must
    meet several conditions. The answer should
    contain several of the following
  • Research method is strictly adhered to
  • Measurements are precise
  • Conditions are carefully recorded or controlled
  • Findings can be repeated
  • Research of others is carefully considered

101
Benchmark I for Life Science
  • Explain how natural selection and other
    evolutionary mechanisms account for the unity and
    diversity of past and present life forms.

102
Indicators for Benchmark I
  • 24. Analyze how natural selection and other
    evolutionary mechanisms (e.g. genetic drift,
    immigration, emigration, mutation) and their
    consequences provide a scientific explanation for
    the diversity and unity of past life forms, as
    depicted in the fossil record, and present life
    forms.

103
Indicators for Benchmark I
  • 25. Explain that life on Earth is thought to have
    begun as simple, one celled organisms
    approximately 4 billion years ago. During most of
    the history of Earth only single celled
    microorganisms existed, but once cells with
    nuclei developed about a billion years ago,
    increasingly complex multicellular organisms
    evolved.

104
Diversity
  • Indicator 24, benchmark I

105
Sample Questions
  • The process of natural selection combined with
    other ecological and evolutionary concepts have
    been suggested as an explanation for the
    diversity of past life forms as depicted in the
    fossil record. Still, the fossil record is not
    complete. Which of the following is a reason for
    this lack of completeness in the fossil record.
  • a. a life form has to be buried in sediment to
    become fossilized, which is not common.
  • b. Fossils are just hard to find.
  • c. Scientists have to make assumptions from very
    small samples.
  • d. Since all organisms are preserved, there are
    no missing fossils in the rock record.

106
Sample Questions
  • The correct answer is A. a life form has to be
    buried in sediment to become fossilized, which is
    not common.
  • Remember, not all organisms have been fossilized.
    In order to become a fossil it has to be buried
    in sediment.

107
First Life Forms
  • Indicator 25, benchmark I

108
Sample Question
  • Approximately 4 billion years ago, the first life
    forms are thought to have originated in the
    oceans under very special conditions of chemistry
    and environment. For billions of years after,
    only single-celled organisms existed. Which of
    the following evolved that stimulated the
    development of increasingly complex multicellular
    life forms?
  • a. a cell wall
  • b. chloroplasts
  • c. mitochondria
  • d. a nucleus

109
Sample Question
  • The correct answer is D. a nucleus.
  • Remember, the development of the nucleus appears
    to have stimulated multicellular life.
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