Title: OGT%20PREP
1OGT PREP
2Benchmark A for Life Science
- Explain that cells are the basic unit of
structure and function of living organisms, that
once life originated all cells come from
pre-existing cells, and that there are a variety
of cell types.
3Indicators for Benchmark A
- 1. Explain that living cells
- a. are composed of a small number of key
chemical - elements (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
nitrogen, - phosphorus and sulfur)
- b. are the basic unit of structure and function
of all living things - c. come from pre-existing cells after life
originated, and - d. are different from viruses
- 2. Compare the structure, function and
interrelatedness of cell organelles in eukaryotic
cells (e.g., nucleus, chromosome, mitochondria,
cell membrane, cell wall, chloroplast, cilia,
flagella) and prokaryotic cells.
4Cell Theory
5Sample Question
- The cell theory is important to biology as the
atomic theory is to chemistry. It was originally
proposed in 1838 by Schleiden and Schwanand has
developed through the years by many scientists
through refinement by observation.
6Sample Question
- Which of the following is not one of the modern
tenets of the cell theory? - a. the cell is the structural and functional
unit of all living things. - b. all cells come from pre-existing cells.
- c. all energy flow of life occurs within cells.
- d. all cells contain the same organelles.
7Sample Question
- The correct answer is D. all cells contain the
same organelles. - Remember, not all cells contain the same
organelles. Some cells are specialized, for
example the blood cells do not have a nucleus.
8Structure
9Sample Question
- A basic organizing definition of life is the type
of cells which compose the organism. The two
main types of cells are the eukaryotic and
prokaryotic cells. What is the essential
difference between them? - a. One has ribosome's and the other does not.
- b. One has a nucleus and the other does not.
- c. One carries out photosynthesis and the other
does not. - d. One has a cell wall and the other does not.
10Sample Question
- The correct answer is B. One has a nucleus and
the other does not. - Remember, whether or not the cell contains a
nucleus is the essential difference between the
two types of cell.
11Benchmark B for Life Science
- Explain the characteristics of life as indicated
by cellular processes and describe the process of
cell division and development.
12Indicators for Benchmark B
- 3. Explain the characteristics of life as
indicated by cellular processes including - a. homeostasis
- b. energy transfers and transformation
- c. transportation of molecules
- d. disposal of wastes
- e. synthesis of new molecules
- 4. Summarize the general processes of cell
division and differentiation, and explain why
specialized cells are useful to organisms and
explain that complex multicellular organisms are
formed as highly organized arrangements of
differentiated cells.
13Characteristics of Life
14Sample Questions
- An essential distinction made in biology is the
difference between living and non-living things
as they are generally accepted in biological
sciences. - Extended Response (4 points)
15Sample Questions
- This answer must contain most of the
characteristics of life. - Composed of Cells
- Carry out Metabolism
- Maintain Homeostasis
- Grow
- React of Stimuli
- Reproduce
- Evolve
16Cell Division
- Indicator 4 (part), benchmark B
17Sample Question
- The cell cycle describes the reproduction of
cells. The process of mitotic cell division as
shown in the drawing below generally occurs in
which order? - a. Metaphase, Telophase, Interphase, Prophase,
Cytokinesis, Anaphase, Metaphase - b. Interphase, Telophase, metaphase, anaphase,
interphase - c. prophase, interphase, metaphase, telophase,
cytokinesis - d. interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase,
telophase, cytokinesis, interphase
18Sample Question
- The correct answer is D. Interphase, Prophase,
Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis,
Interphase - Remember, during cell division you will always
start and end with Interphase, which is the time
between cell division.
19Differentiation
- Indicator 4 (part), benchmark B
20Sample Question
- The great variety of organisms is possible due
to_________. - a. cell differentiation
- b. cell specialization
- c. Mitosis
- d. None of the above
21Sample Question
- The correct answer is B. Cell specialization.
- Remember, cell specialization enables
multicellular organisms to adapt and survive in a
variety of environments.
22Benchmark C for Life Science
- Explain the genetic mechanisms and molecular
basis of inheritance.
23Indicators for Benchmark C
- 5. Illustrate the relationship of the structure
and function of DNA to protein synthesis and the
characteristics of an organism. - 6. Explain that a unit of hereditary information
is called a gene, and genes may occur in
different forms called alleles (e.g., gene for
pea plant height has two alleles, tall and short).
24Indicators for Benchmark C
- 7. Describe that spontaneous changes in DNA are
mutations, which are a source of genetic
variation. When mutations occur in sex cells,
they may be passed on to future generations
mutations that occur in body cells may affect the
functioning of that cell or the organism in which
that cell is found. - 8. Use the concepts of Mendelian and
non-Mendelian genetics (e.g., segregation,
independent assortment, dominant and recessive
traits, sex-linked traits and jumping genes) to
explain inheritance.
25Protein Synthesis
26Sample Question
- The genetic code inside the nucleus of a cell is
important in cell reproduction and the production
of proteins by the cell. Protein synthesis
occurs outside the nucleus at the ribosome's.
How does the genetic code for a protein get from
the nucleus to the ribosome? - Short Answer (2 points)
27Sample Question
- mRNA codes the DNA strand inside the nucleus and
then travels out to the cytoplasm to the
ribosome. The mRNA carries the code for
individual proteins. - Example, GCU codes for alanine
28Genes
29Sample Question
- The basic unit of inheritance is held in the
sequence of base pairs in a DNA molecule in a
cell. A unit of information in this system is
called___________. - a. DNA
- b. a chromosome
- c. an allele
- d. a gene
30Sample Question
- The correct answer is D. gene.
- Remember, the gene is the basic unit of heredity
and can exist in one of several alleles. Base
pairs form the 3 letter words which are used to
code for specific proteins.
31Mutations
32Sample Question
- The environment has an impact on the inheritance
of characteristics from parent to offspring.
Three students made statements in a class debate
about this topic - Student A Poisonous chemicals can cause
mutations in genetic structure and these
frequently cause evolutionary changes in species. - Student B Radiation from the sun and other
extraterrestrial sources can cause mutations in
skin cells which can be passed on to their
offspring. - Student C Mutations can occur from many sources
but they are usually repaired by the cell or
result in fatal problems with the offspring.
33Sample Question
- Who has correctly stated the situation?
- a. Student A only
- b. Student B only
- c. Student C only
- d. Students A and C
34Sample Question
- The correct answer is C. Student C.
- Remember, most mutations are usually repaired or
are lethal. Mutations can only be passed on to
offspring if they are in the sex cells.
35Genetics
36Sample Question
- A male and female pea plant are crossed. The
phenotypes of the offspring are 75 tall plants
and 25 short. Draw a Punnett Square that
demonstrates the genotypes of the parents and the
offspring. - Short Answer (2 points)
37Sample Question
- Be careful and make sure that you answer the
question being asked. - They want you to draw a punnett square of the
parental generation by using the known phenotypes
of the offspring given in the question. - So your genotypes will be TT, Tt, and tt
38Sample Questions
- So the only way you could end up with 75 of the
plants tall and 25 of the plants short, is if
both parents were heterozygous tall (Tt).
t
T
T
TT Tt
Tt tt
t
39Benchmark D for Life Science
- Explain the flow of energy and the cycling of
matter through biological and ecological systems
(cellular, organismal and ecological).
40Indicators for Benchmark D
- 9. Describe how matter cycles and energy flows
through different levels of organization in
living systems and between living systems and the
physical environment. Explain how some energy is
stored and much is dissipated into the
environment as thermal energy (e.g., food webs
and energy pyramids).
41Indicators for Benchmark D
- 10. Describe how cells and organisms acquire and
release energy (photosynthesis, chemosynthesis,
cellular respiration and fermentation). - 11. Explain that living organisms use matter and
energy to synthesize a variety of organic
molecules (e.g., proteins, carbohydrates, lipids
and nucleic acids) and to drive life processes
(e.g., growth, reacting to the environment,
reproduction and movement).
42Ecosystem Cycles
43Sample Questions
- The movement of molecules (energy) through a food
web is a cycle. When is the cycle complete.
Describe what happens once the cycle is complete. - Short Answer (2 points)
44Sample Questions
- First the answer must state that a cycle is
completed when decomposers of the cycle return
the molecules back to the environment. - Second, once the molecules are returned to the
environment they can be used again by producers,
which begins a new cycle.
45Acquirement and Release of Energy
- Indicator 10, benchmark D
46Sample Questions
- It can be said that humans and animals are solar
powered. How can this statement be justified? - Short Answer (2 points)
47Sample Question
- The answer must state something about how the
energy that animals use is stored in the foods
they eat as sugars. These sugars are produced by
plants during photosynthesis which is powered by
the sun. Animals release the energy through the
process of cellular respiration.
48Synthesis
- Indicator 11, benchmark D
49Sample Questions
- In order to make a copy of itself, in the process
of mitosis, a cell must use raw materials and
energy found in the cell and synthesize many
different kinds of biological molecules. These
synthesis processes require energy that is found
stored in the cell as________. - a. ATP
- b. chlorophyll
- c. proteins
- d. sugars
50Sample Questions
- The correct answer is A. ATP
- Remember, ATP, or Adenosine Tri Phosphate, is the
ENERGY molecule, which is made by the
MITOCHONDRIA of the cell.
51Benchmark E for Life Science
- Explain how evolutionary relationships contribute
to an understanding of the unity and diversity of
life.
52Indicators for Benchmark E
- 12. Describe that biological classification
represents how organisms are related with species
being the most fundamental unit of the
classification system. Relate how biologists
arrange organisms into a hierarchy of groups and
subgroups based on similarities and differences
that reflect their evolutionary relationships.
53Indicators for Benchmark E
- 13. Explain that the variation of organisms
within a species increases the likelihood that at
least some members of a species will survive
under gradually changing environmental
conditions. - 14. Relate diversity and adaptation to structures
and their functions in living organisms (e.g.,
adaptive radiation).
54Classification
- Indicator 12, benchmark E
55Sample Question
- According to biologist Ernst Mayr in 1996,
Species are groups of interbreeding natural
populations that are reproductively isolated from
other such groups. The arrangement of these
groups for our understanding is known as
taxonomy. It helps us describe the
interrelatedness of different species.
56Sample Question
- In this process, which of the following would be
most useful? - a. watching the feeding habits of similar
organisms. - b. studying the skeletal structure of different
organisms - c. studying the environments in which different
organisms are found - d. performing a DNA analysis of different
organisms
57Sample Question
- The correct answer is D. Performing a DNA
analysis of different organisms. - Remember, modern taxonomy constructs cladograms,
which are ancestry diagrams, based on
similarities in the genetic make up.
58Diversity
- Indicator 13, benchmark E
59Sample Question
- Life on Earth is difficult since the environment
is constantly changing. In order to survive,
organisms have evolved adaptations which increase
the likelihood that at least some of the
population will survive under changing
environmental conditions.
60Sample Question
- Which of the following represents this kind of
adaptation? - a. keeping vestigial appendages which may some
day be useful. - b. sexual reproduction, which provides for
variation within the population. - c. the ability to quickly clone the entire
population to make more individuals - d. strength and mobility to quickly leave an
area that is environmentally challenging.
61Sample Question
- The correct answer is B. Sexual reproduction,
which provides for variation within the
population. - Remember, Sexual reproduction provides a varied
population in which at least a few members of the
population are likely to survive because of
characteristics they possess that are different
from other members of the population.
62Biodiversity
- Indicator 14, benchmark E
63Sample Question
- A shark and a dolphin both live in the same
aquatic ecosystem, and both have similar
adaptations to their environment for example,
they both have fins. This is known as_________. - a. natural selection
- b. adaptive radiation
- c. convergent evolution
- d. artificial selection
64Sample Question
- The correct answer is C. Convergent Evolution.
- Remember, different species may converge as they
adapt to similar environments.
65Benchmark F for Life Science
- Explain the structure and function of ecosystems
and relate how ecosystems change over time.
66Indicators for Benchmark F
- 15. Explain how living things interact with
biotic and abiotic components of the environment
(e.g., predation, competition, natural disasters
and weather). - 16. Relate how distribution and abundance of
organisms and populations in ecosystems are
limited by the ability of the ecosystem to
recycle materials and the availability of matter,
space and energy.
67Indicators for Benchmark F
- 17. Conclude that ecosystems tend to have cyclic
fluctuations around a state of approximate
equilibrium that can change when climate changes,
when one or more new species appear as a result
of immigration or when one or more species
disappear.
68Organisms and Environment
- Indicator 15, benchmark F
69Sample Question
- In order to survive and place progeny in their
environment, organisms must be adapted in ways
that help them survive changing environmental
conditions. Which of the following strategies
would be the least adaptive to drought
conditions? - a. the ability to go into a state of torpor
- b. migration to other areas
- c. shedding fur
- d. the ability to find plants that store water
70Sample Question
- The correct answer is C. Shedding fur.
- Remember, Shedding fur would be the least likely
to be adaptive for a drought because it only
allows for the control of heat in the organism.
71Populations
- Indicator 16, benchmark F
72Sample Question
- The distribution and abundance of organisms in an
ecosystem is related to the abundance of
materials found in that environment. Give an
example of a limiting factor in the environment
and its impact on the organisms found there. - Extended Response (4 points)
73Sample Question
- A correct answer will specifically identify a
limiting factor and give examples of how it
impacts the ecosystem. - Example, Water as the limiting factor, thus a
decline in organisms.
74Genetic Equilibrium
- Indicator 17, benchmark F
75Sample Question
- It has recently been observed that the size of
the polar ice cap is decreasing over time. This
is critical to the ability of polar bears to move
around in their environment and feed. Which is
least likely to happen over time in this
situation? - a. Polar bears will learn to hunt while
swimming. - b. Polar bears will die off.
- c. The seal population will go up.
- d. The shark population will increase.
76Sample Question
- The correct answer is A. Polar bears will learn
to hunt while swimming. - Remember, It is unlikely that a species can
survive based on the ability of an individual to
adapt to quickly changing conditions.
77Benchmark G for Life Science
- Describe how human activities can impact the
status of natural systems.
78Indicators for Benchmark G
- 18. Describe ways that human activities can
deliberately or inadvertently alter the
equilibrium in ecosystems. Explain how changes in
technology/biotechnology can cause significant
changes, either positive or negative, in
environmental quality and carrying capacity. - 19. Illustrate how uses of resources at local,
state, regional, national, and global levels have
affected the quality of life (e.g., energy
production and sustainable vs. no sustainable
agriculture).
79Human Interaction
- Indicator 18, benchmark G
80Sample Question
- As European civilization spread across the globe,
ecosystems were inadvertently altered. Which of
the following impacts is a likely reversible
human impact? - a. the complete harvesting of the Dodo on the
island of Mauritius by hunters in the 1600s - b. the disappearance of some marsupials in
Australia because of the introduction of rabbits - c. the threatening of the Kirlands warbler
because of fire suppression in their breeding
territory. - d. the extinction of the Poouli, a small
Hawaiian honeycreeper because of tree cutting
and cats.
81Sample Question
- The correct answer is C. The threatening of the
Kirlands Warbler because of fire suppression in
their breeding territory. - Remember, Extinction is forever. Threatening
extinction can still be reversed if the proper
measures are taken.
82Conservation
- Indicator 19, benchmark G
83Sample Question
- The quality of life in the southern United States
was significantly altered by Hurricane Katrina in
2005. which human activity is likely not related
to the enormous devastation experienced as a
result of this storm? - a. increased shrimp fishing in the Gulf of
Mexico - b. draining of swamp land for development in the
Mississippi Delta area - c. the channeling of rivers and streams and
building of dikes - d. increased erosion of barrier islands caused
by changing the flow of water in the Delta
84Sample Question
- The correct answer is A. Increased shrimp fishing
in the Gulf of Mexico. - Remember, shrimp fishing does impact the
environment, but is not likely related to the
destruction of Katrina.
85Benchmark H for Life Science
- Describe a foundation of biological evolution as
the change in gene frequency of a population over
time. Explain the historical and current
scientific developments, mechanisms and processes
of biological evolution. Describe how scientists
continue to investigate and critically analyze
aspects of evolutionary theory. (The intent of
this benchmark does not mandate the teaching or
testing of intelligent design.)
86Indicators for Benchmark H
- 20. Recognize that a change in gene frequency
(genetic composition) in a population over time
is a foundation of biological evolution. -
87Indicators for Benchmark H
-
- 21. Explain that natural selection provides the
following mechanism for evolution undirected
variation in inherited characteristics exist
within every species. These characteristics may
give individuals an advantage or disadvantage
compared to others in surviving and reproducing.
The advantaged offspring are more likely to
survive and reproduce. Therefore, the proportion
of individuals that have advantageous
characteristics will increase. When an
environment changes, the survival value of some
inherited characteristics may change.
88Indicators for Benchmark H
- 22. Describe historical scientific developments
that occurred in evolutionary thought (e.g.,
Lamarck and Darwin, Mendelian Genetics and modern
synthesis). - 23. Describe how scientists continue to
investigate and critically analyze aspects of
evolutionary theory. (The intent of this
indicator does not mandate the teaching or
testing of intelligent design.)
89Mutation
- Indicator 20, benchmark H
90Sample Question
- Biological evolution is a central concept of our
understanding the biological world. Which of the
following is not a key condition for evolution to
occur? - a. Genetic variation is present in the
population. - b. There are more offspring produced than can
survive. - c. Extinction of other species leaving empty
niches. - d. There is environmental pressure to rely on
inherited adaptations to survive.
91Sample Question
- The correct answer is C. Extinction of other
species leaving empty niches. - Remember, this only results in the movement of
current species into the new available niches.
This does not have to occur for evolution to take
place.
92Natural selection
- Indicator 21, benchmark H
93Sample Question
- What is the impact of changes in the environment
on the survival of the species? - a. Individuals must spontaneously adapt to
changing conditions. - b. the survival value of some inherited
characteristics changes. - c. Fewer offspring will be born.
- d. Sudden extinction is likely for many species
94Sample Question
- The correct answer is B. The survival value of
some inherited characteristic changes. - Remember, genetic variation in a population will
provide selective advantage in survival and
reproduction.
95Darwin
- Indicator 22, benchmark H
96Sample Question
- Current evolutionary thought is an accumulation
of observations and experiments over many years.
Provide one example of a significant contribution
to the field of evolutionary thought since the
publication of Darwins Origin of the Species. - Short Answer (2 points)
97Sample Question
- The question wants a significant contribution.
- Examples
- Mendel and the inheritance of genes
- Watson and Crick and the DNA helix
- Redi and flies came from flies
98Evolution
- Indicator 23, benchmark H
99Sample Question
- Peter and Rosemary Grant spent years observing,
tagging, and measuring Galapagos finches and
their environment. During that time they
documented environmental changes and how these
changes favored certain individuals within the
population. Those individuals survived and
passed their characteristics on to the next
generation, illustrating natural selection in
action. What are characteristics of research
that lead to significant findings? - Extended Response (4 points)
100Sample Question
- In order to be considered significant it must
meet several conditions. The answer should
contain several of the following - Research method is strictly adhered to
- Measurements are precise
- Conditions are carefully recorded or controlled
- Findings can be repeated
- Research of others is carefully considered
101Benchmark I for Life Science
- Explain how natural selection and other
evolutionary mechanisms account for the unity and
diversity of past and present life forms.
102Indicators for Benchmark I
- 24. Analyze how natural selection and other
evolutionary mechanisms (e.g. genetic drift,
immigration, emigration, mutation) and their
consequences provide a scientific explanation for
the diversity and unity of past life forms, as
depicted in the fossil record, and present life
forms.
103Indicators for Benchmark I
- 25. Explain that life on Earth is thought to have
begun as simple, one celled organisms
approximately 4 billion years ago. During most of
the history of Earth only single celled
microorganisms existed, but once cells with
nuclei developed about a billion years ago,
increasingly complex multicellular organisms
evolved.
104Diversity
- Indicator 24, benchmark I
105Sample Questions
- The process of natural selection combined with
other ecological and evolutionary concepts have
been suggested as an explanation for the
diversity of past life forms as depicted in the
fossil record. Still, the fossil record is not
complete. Which of the following is a reason for
this lack of completeness in the fossil record. - a. a life form has to be buried in sediment to
become fossilized, which is not common. - b. Fossils are just hard to find.
- c. Scientists have to make assumptions from very
small samples. - d. Since all organisms are preserved, there are
no missing fossils in the rock record.
106Sample Questions
- The correct answer is A. a life form has to be
buried in sediment to become fossilized, which is
not common. - Remember, not all organisms have been fossilized.
In order to become a fossil it has to be buried
in sediment.
107First Life Forms
- Indicator 25, benchmark I
108Sample Question
- Approximately 4 billion years ago, the first life
forms are thought to have originated in the
oceans under very special conditions of chemistry
and environment. For billions of years after,
only single-celled organisms existed. Which of
the following evolved that stimulated the
development of increasingly complex multicellular
life forms? - a. a cell wall
- b. chloroplasts
- c. mitochondria
- d. a nucleus
109Sample Question
- The correct answer is D. a nucleus.
- Remember, the development of the nucleus appears
to have stimulated multicellular life.