Ch. 1 Introduction to the human body (pp. 3-10)

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Ch. 1 Introduction to the human body (pp. 3-10)

• Study of human body
• Anatomy study of body structure
• Physiology study of body function

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Anatomy cutting up

• Location, what it looks like
• Gross anatomy study of body structures visible
  to the naked eye
• Microanatomy needs microscope. Histology is the
  study of tissues which is a type of microanatomy

• Systemic anatomy studies body structures with in
  a given organ system like the digestive, muscular
  or skeletal systems
• Regional anatomy studies all structures with in
  a given region of the body like the head or leg.

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Physiology study of nature

• How does it work
• The way the body obtains energy and manages its
  use in order to maintain stability

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Directional terms

• Anatomical position (p.6 fig. 1-2) is the
  position of a person standing upright facing the
  observer with arms at sides and toes and palms
  turned forward
• Copy table 1-1

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Directional terms

• Superior (cranial) towards head
• Inferior (caudal) away from head
• Anterior (ventral) towards the front or belly
  side
• Posterior (dorsal) towards the back side
• Medial towards midline of body
• Lateral away from midline

• Superficial (external) towards surface of body
• Deep (internal) inward from surface
• Proximal towards structures origin to trunk
• Distal away from structures origin to trunk

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Directional terms

• EX. Look at wrist and elbow, the elbow is
  proximal with respect to the wrist because it is
  closer to the point of attachment to the trunk.

• http//www.whitman.edu/biology/vpd/anaref.html

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Body planes

• Imaginary flat surfaces
• Sagittal
• Frontal
• Horizontal

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Sagittal Plane

• Divides body into left and right sides
• midsagittal equal left and right
• parasagittal non equal left and right

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Frontal (Coronal) Plane

• Divides body into anterior (ventral) and
  posterior (dorsal)

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Horizontal (Transverse Plane)

• Divides body into superior and inferior
• Questions 1-30

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Structural levels of organization

• How the body is organized from simple to complex
• Atoms ? molecules ? cell ? tissue ? organs ?
  organ systems ? organism

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1. Cells

• Formed from combination of molecules
• They are the basic structural and functional
  units of life
• Smallest living parts of the body
• Macromolecules large provide structural
  foundation
• proteins, fats, carbohydrates and nucleic acids

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2. Tissue

•  group of similar cells combined to perform
  a common function. There are 4 types
• A. epithelial close arrangement of cells
  with little intercellular material. Covers body
  surface, lines inside of organs and body
  cavities, forms glands.

• B. connective abundance of
  extracellular material with few cells. Function
  in support and binding of body structures
• C. muscle specialization to contract
• D. nervous sends nervous signals

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4 Tissue Types
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3. Organ

• Two or more different types of tissue which
  combine and form a general function
• Organs usually have distinct shapes

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4. System

• Organization of 2 or more organs and their
  associated structures

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1. Integumentary System

• Organs skin
• Function protects underlying structures and loss
  of body fluid

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2. Muscular System

• Organs Muscles
• Function
• movement

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3. Skeletal System

• Organs bone
• Function support and protection of softer body
  parts

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4. Nervous System

• Organs brain, nerves, spinal cord
• Function controls homeostasis by causing muscles
  to contract and glands
• to secrete

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5. Endocrine System

• Organs pituitary,thyroid,adrenal, pancreas,
  gonads Function release hormones

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6. Cardiovascular System

• Organsheart,
• arteries,veins Function transport materials
  to and from body cells

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7. Lymphatic System

• Organsspleen,
• thymus, tonsils,vessels Function remove
  dead cells and foreign bodies

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8. Respiratory System

• Organs larynx,trachea, lungs
• Function gas exchange between blood and
  external environment

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9. Digestive System

• Organs esophagus, stomach,
  small and large intestines, liver
• Function break apart food for absorption to
  blood

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10. Urinary System

• Organskidneys,
• ureters, bladder,
• urethra
• Function control
• water and salt
• balance.

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11. Reproductive System

• Organstestes,
• urethra,penis,
• ovaries,uterus,
• vagina
• Function
• production of
• new individuals

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5. Complete Organism

• Composed of many systems, which depend on one
  another to perform. Survival and reproduction
  are the goals of the bodys internal activities.
• Questions 31-59