Unit 2: Basics of Human Anatomy and Physiology

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Unit 2 Basics of Human Anatomy and Physiology

• Introduction to Anatomy
• Sports Medicine 1
• Mr. Smith

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Lesson Objectives

• Describe the functions of skin, bone, muscle,
  ligament, tendon, and cartilage
• Describe the types of bones and identify examples
• Describe the classification of joints and explain
  the types of motion produced
• Label general muscular and bony anatomy

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Body Tissues

• Skin
• Most superficial layer
• First line defense against external forces
• Keeps bodily fluids in
• Picks up sensations
• Secrets an oily substance

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Body Tissues cont

• Skin
• Made up of several layers
• Superficial epidermis
• Middle- dermis
• Deep- hypodermis or subcutaneous layer
• Stores about 50 of bodys fat

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Body Tissues cont

• Skin
• Has ability to expand
• Accommodate increases in muscle girth or fatty
  tissue
• Stretch marks are where the dermis was stretched
  excessively until elastic fibers ruptured

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Body Tissues cont

• Bones
• Protect vital organs and structures from trauma
• Are stiff structures that are acted on by muscles
  to create movement
• Are metabolically active that is, produced blood
  cells and store minerals such as calcium and
  phosphorus
• Protect nerves and blood vessels that travel
  alongside them

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Body Tissues cont

• Bones
• Approximately 206 bones in body
• Axial Skeleton
• Spine, thorax, skull
• Appendicular Skeleton
• Extremities

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Body Tissues cont.

• Epiphysis (growth plate)
• Spongy during adolescence and can be problematic
  because of vulnerability to injury
• Diaphysis
• Shaft of the bone

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Body Tissues cont

• Articular Cartilage
• Cushions bone ends, provides stability with
  movement
• Periosteum
• Supportive sheath that provides nutrient blood
  for the bones
• Spongy Bone
• Filled with either red or yellow bone marrow,
  capable of making changes according to weight,
  postural change and muscle tension

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Body Tissues cont

• Compact Bone
• Dense bone
• Medullary Cavity
• Cavity of diaphysis, contains marrow
• Red Marrow
• Composed of red and white blood cells. In adults
  it is limited to the sternum, vertebrae, ribs,
  hips, clavicles, and cranial bones
• Yellow Marrow
• Fatty connective tissue, replaces red marrow in
  the epiphysis, medullary cavity of long bone, and
  cancellous bone of other bones

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Body Tissues cont

• Bones
• Long Bones
• Short
• Flat
• Irregular
• Sesamoid

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Body Tissues cont.

• Long Bones
• Having a body which is longer than it is wide
  with growth plates (epiphysis)

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Body Tissues cont

• Bones
• Long Bones
• Femur
• Tibia
• Fibula
• Humerus
• Radius
• Ulna

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Body Tissues cont.

• Mini Long Bones
• Metacarpals
• Metatarsals
• Phalanges

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Body Tissues cont.

• Short Bones
• Carpals
• Wrist Bones
• Tarsals
• Foot Bones
• A bone that is as wide as they are long

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Body Tissues cont.

• Flat
• They are as they sound, flat plates of bone
• Scapula (Shoulder Blade)
• Sternum (Breast Bone)
• Cranium (Skull)
• Pelvis
• Ribs

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Body Tissues cont.

• Irregular
• Bones that do not fall into any other category,
  due to their non-uniform shape
• Vertebrae (Bones of the Spine)
• Sacrum (Tail Bone)
• Mandible (Lower Jaw)

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Body Tissues cont.

• Sesamoid
• Usually short or irregular bones, imbedded in a
  tendon
• Often a so called Floating Bone
• Patella (Knee Cap) Most Known
• 2 Small Bones at base of 1st Metatarsal
• Sometimes 1 at base of Thumb

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Body Tissues cont

• Cartilage
• Functions to join structures
• Absorb shock
• And permit smooth bone movement

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Body Tissues cont

• Muscle
• Allows the body to accelerate, decelerate, stop
  movement, and help to maintain normal postural
  alignment
• Tendon
• Attach muscle to bone and transmit the force that
  a muscle exerts
• Ligament
• Connect bone to bone and helps to form joints

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Body Tissues cont

• Connective tissue
• Made up of spindle-shaped cells that support and
  bind together other tissues
• Ligaments and Tendons

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Classification of Joints

• Diarthrodial (synovial)
• Really good mobility
• Consist of a joint capsule, synovial membrane,
  hyaline cartilage
• Hinge Joint
• Elbow and Knee
• Multiaxial or Ball and Socket Joint
• Hip and Shoulder
• Most mobility of all joints

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Classification of Joints

• Amphiarthrodial Joints
• Cartilage attaching two bones together
• Ribs join the Sternum
• Synarthrodial
• Held together by tough connective tissue, and are
  basically immoveable
• Bones of the Skull