Quotes and Citation

1
Quotes and Citation

• Citing sources
• Setting up Quotes
• Integrating quotes

2
What does NOT need to be cited?

• All information that would be considered common
  knowledge
• Anything that we would consider encyclopedia
  information (birthdays, place of birth, basic
  statistics, basic facts)
• Anything that is your idea or opinion (although
  these need to be supported with facts and
  information)

3
What does need to be cited?

• The exact words of another
• The original ideas, attitudes, or opinions of
  another (even if paraphrased in your words)
• Original statistics or research of
• another (even in your own words)

4
If I dont quote, what should I do?

• Paraphrase. Put it in your own words. Do more
  than just change a single word or two. Make the
  writing your own.
• You still need to cite these if it represents
  someone elses ideas, thoughts, or opinion

5
When does a quote lose its effectiveness?

• When its too long (People tend not to read
  beyond a certain point)
• When its not properly set up integrated
• When you dont take enough time for the reader
  to understand its significance

6
Setting up your quote

• Integrate the quote by setting it up before
  introducing it. Make sure the reader understands
  the context of the quote.
• Attribute the quote to someone. Tell us who is
  speaking! It should be an authority.
• Set your quote off with a comma. Say something
  like
• Arlen Specter, the former senator from
  Pennsylvania, agrees with this philosophy,
  saying, Effective security measures do not come
  cheap (Johnson 4).

7
Introducing quotes

• Do NOT do the following in setting up your quote
• Heres a quote by
• The book says . . .
• The quote says . . .
• In the following quote

8
Citing sources

• For citations, use authors last name and page
  number. Remember, the period goes after the
  citation.
• Senator Johnson voted against all of the
  environmental bills that were presented in 1986
  (Smith 2).
• If there is no author, use the first word
• of the title in quotes and the page number.
• In his 1961 inaugural address, John F. Kennedy
  shared his vision with the country when he
  stated, Let every nation know, whether it wishes
  us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear
  any burden, meet any hardship, support any
  friend, oppose any foe, in order to assure the
  survival and the success of liberty
  (Inauguration 2).

9
Use parenthetical citations for direct quotes

• Remember, the speaker is not always the author
  of the article.
• In 1987 Ronald Reagan was speaking about the
  Berlin Wall when he said,Mr. Gorbachev, tear
  down this wall (Rosen 4).

10
Integrating sources

• Awkward and redundant
• Hank Aaron said he would not make an effort to
  attend when Bonds breaks the home run record.
  Aaron said, "I won't make an effort to attend
  when Bonds breaks the record" (Clark 8).
• Better
• Hank Aaron expressed his feelings about Bonds
  when he stated, "I won't make an effort to attend
  when Bonds breaks the record" (Clark 8).

11
Use parenthetical citations also for indirect
(paraphrased) quotes

• Indirect Quote
• After the September 11 attacks, President Bush
  declared that people were either siding with the
  United States or siding with the terrorists (Bell
  2).

12
Integrating sources

• Alternatives for the word "said"
• Some words to use to help integrate sources
• acknowledges suggests implies
• discloses observes notes
• concludes believes comments
• insists explains claims
• predicts summarizes illustrates
• reports finds proposes