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Title: Biology Objective 3


1
TAKS
SCIENCE REVIEW
2
Objective 3
BIOLOGY
  • Interdependence of Living Organisms

3
Ecology
  • Ecology The study of the relationships among
    living things and their enviroment

4
Biomes Biotic and abiotic factors
  • Biotic what kinds of plants and animals live in
    it.
  • Abiotic Nonliving things such as soil type,
    rainfall amounts, and average temperature cycles.

5
Biotic vs Abiotic
Abiotic means not alive These are nonliving
objects and never was alive
Bio -means life These are things that are alive
or was alive
6
What are they referring to?
  • Biosphere The entire area of the planet that
    supports life.
  • Biome An area defined by specific abiotic and
    biotic factors.
  • Community The groups of living things in an
    area and how they relate.

7
Name the Biome
Temperate Forest
Desert
Tundra
Grasslands
Tropical Rainforest
Tiaga
8
A scientist has hypothesized that theexistence
of life on Mars is likely becauseMarss
atmosphere is 95 carbon dioxide.
  • 36 Which question is valid in testing this
    hypothesis?
  • F Do most other scientists agree with the
    hypothesis?
  • G Could abiotic processes account for the carbon
    dioxide?
  • H What is the percent of argon compared to carbon
    dioxide in the Martian atmosphere?
  • J Have the scientists other predictions about
    Mars been validated?

9
Ecology The study of the relationships among
living things
  • Living organisms have many types of relationsips
  • 1. Mutualism
  • 2. Symbiosis
  • 3. Parasitism
  • 4. Commensalism
  • See next slides for examples


10
Mutualism
  • Mutualism- when both are helped

11
Symbiosis
  • Symbiosis is a close relationship between two
    living things.

12
Parasitism
When one is helped and the other is harmed it is
called parasitism
13
Commensulism
  • Commensulism-when one is helped and there is no
    effect on the other

14
Commensulism . . .
  • Orchids live high in tree-tops on the branches of
    large trees.
  • They do not harm the tree, but they are helped
    by being raised up into the sunshine and
    receiving water.

15
Mutualism . . .
  • Sharks are cleaned by a little fish known as a
    Remora. The shark never eats them since they
    clean bacteria off of the shark. Since both
    species are helped, this is mutualism.

16
Parasites . . .
  • Parasites harm or kill the host. A good example
    is a tape worm. It intercepts all of the hosts
    food, causing the host to starve to death.

17
Parasites of dogs
18
  • 35 Clown fish are small reef fish that seek
    protection from predators by sheltering
    themselves among the stinging tentacles of sea
    anemones. Clown fish are very territorial and can
    potentially scare off predators of sea anemones.
    This relationship is an example of --
  • A neutralism
  • B mutualism
  • C parasitism
  • D commensalism

This is not a type of symbiosis Incorrect
YESboth are helped, it is of mutual benefit
Neither is harmed so this is incorrect
Means only one is being helped and the
relationship has no effect on the other also
incorrect
19
What is helped? Both the ants and the tree.
This is the definition of
20
All energy on the earth comes from the sun.
21
Photosynthesis and Respiration
In plants
In animals/people
22
Producer
  • Plants- they produce energy from sunlight- this
    energy is passed on to consumers who eat the
    plants

23
Consumers
  • 3rd Order onsumers animals that eat other
    animals, they are also known as carnivores

2nd Order Consumers eat only Herbivores and are
called carnivores.
1st Order Consumers eat only plants and are also
called herbivores.
24
Food Chain One of many feeding relationships in
a community
  • Arrows the direction of energy flow.
  • This is not the only feeding relationship for
    these organisms.
  • When several or all of the food relationships are
    shown its a . . . Food web

25
Food Webs
  • Food webs attempt to show all the feeding
    relationships in a community.
  • The direction of the arrows shows the direction
    of energy flow.
  • At the bottom of every web and every chain is a
    plant. These are the only things that can turn
    sunshine into food.

26
Food Web
27
18 Energy used by producers in a grassland food
web is provided by-
This is a process, not an energy source. H and J
are elements which are types of matter, not
energy. So our answer should be F
  • F sunlight
  • G photosynthesis
  • H oxygen
  • J carbon dioxide

28
39 Wolves and hawks are at the same trophic level
because they A both live on land B are both
large mammals C both eat primary consumers D have
similar hunting patterns
Trophic level Means 1st , 2nd or 3rd Order
Consumer
29
  • 37 Which of these groups of organisms would most
    likely have accumulated the largest concentration
    of a long-lasting chemical pollutant in their
    bodies?
  • A Phytoplankton
  • B Zooplankton
  • C Lake trout
  • D Gulls

Since the Gulls are at the top of the food web,
they would have the highest accumulation of
everything but energy.
30
Energy Diagrams
  • At one end of the diagram are plants. They are
    called producers since they are capable of
    turning sunlight into food by photosynthesis.
    They pass 10 of the energy they absorb to
    animals that eat them.

31
10 Energy Rule Only 10 of the energy moves up
to the next tropic level.
Decomposers
The rest of the energy is used for movement, body
functions and keeping warm
32
If we apply the 10 rule, 10 of the 1000 kcal of
the plant is consumed or 100 kcal, and 10 of
that is 10 kcal which is 1 of the original
1000kcal, but only 3 kcal is available to the
tissues so it is A.
43 Approximately how much of the energy available
in the tissues of the producer is eventually
incorporated into the tissues of a secondary
consumer? A Less than 1 B Between 20 and
30 C Approximately 50 D More than 50
33
Consumer
  • Predator
  • Prey
  • Eat other animals- hunters
  • Get eaten by another animal

34
Predator and Prey Relationship
  • The population of the predator must be less than
    the prey or they do not have enough food. More
    prey means more food for predator more predator
    reproduce more prey eaten less food less
    predators.etc
  • To increase the predator population you could do
    what? more prey

35
  • 24 Which of the following is most likely to cause
    increases in a predator population?
  • F Fewer prey
  • G A reduction in competition
  • H More parasites
  • J A period of drought

Reduces available food Nope!
CORRECT
Less predators, they would be sick or dying!
Less predators and prey, theyd be gone looking
for water!
36
Carrying Capacity
  • This is the maximum number of a specific
    population that an area can support with enough
    food and living requirements. It is shown by a
    line on population graphs for a specific species.

37
Carry capacity
  • Example- a lot of baby rabbits are born so there
    is a lot of food for the wolves. The wolves
    therefore have many cubs survive. The cubs eat
    most of the rabbits and tn some starve to death.
    The rabbits then have more survive and breed more
    babies. The wolves have more food etc

38
How it works all together
39
Evolution The process of change over time.
  • There are natural variations in all populations.
  • As climate changes occur, and as pressures in
    terms of food, space, shelter and predation
    occur, some variations allow a species to
    survive.
  • The members who survive, reproduce causing the
    change to become a characteristic of the species.

40
Adaptations
  • Plants and animals change over time in order to
    adapt to their environment. This change allows
    them to survive and to reproduce.
  • The change can be fast, as in a chameleon
    changing colors, (structural) to hide from
    predators, or it can be very slow (evolution)

41
Homologous vs. Analogous Structures
  • Homologous means they have the same origin, but
    may be different now.
  • Example, the upper arm bones in dogs, cows, cats
    and monkeys.
  • Analogous means they have the same function but
    come from different origins.
  • Example, bird wings and wings of bats.

42
Speciation Separation into new species.
  • Geographic isolation can cause two different
    natural variations to become prominent causing 2
    separate species.
  • Reproductive isolation can have the same effect.

43
Speciation of finch
44
What is extinction and what causes it?
  • A population is extinct when the last of that
    species is dead.
  • Example There are no more dinosaurs.
  • What happened? Their habitat was destroyed.
    When they no longer have what they need to live,
    they die.

45
Fossils
  • These are imprints or remains of living things.
  • In undisturbed layers of sedimentary rock, the
    deeper it is, the older it is.
  • Give us information about extinct species.

46
2 Because of this animals adaptations, it would
be most successful at
  • F competing with birds
  • G making its own food
  • H hiding from predators
  • J running very rapidly

47
And the answer is?
  • H hiding from predators.
  • Its not a plant, so it cant make food.
  • It has no wings, so it can not compete with
    birds.
  • Although it has long legs, it doesnt seem
    balanced for running.

48
Water Cycle
  • Precipitation (rain and snow) fall on plants and
    ground.
  • Plants respire and evaporate water back into
    clouds.
  • The ground filters the water run-off into the
    lakes where it evaporates again.

49
Uses of water
50
  • 21 The diagram shows physical changes that
  • occur in the water cycle. Which of these shows
  • condensation?
  • A Q
  • B R
  • C S
  • D T

Precipitation
Run Off of ground water
Evaporation
51
Carbon Cycle
  • Photosynthesis
  • Glucose that contains carbon- C6H12O6 is
    produced by plants, then eaten by animals.
  • Cellular Respiration
  • Animals and plants exhale CO2 which is taken in
    by plants to make glucose
  • You are mostly made of Carbon

52
36 Which question is valid in testing this
hypothesis?
When testing an hypothesis, there should be only
one variable changed at a time. If this is not
possible, then all possible reasons for an
outcome need to be considered. In this case,
carbon dioxide can be produced by chemical
reactions other than cellular respiration, which
is a biotic process. That is why answer G is the
best answer.
F Do most other scientists agree with the
hypothesis? G Could abiotic processes account for
the carbon dioxide? H What is the percent of
argon compared to carbon dioxide in the Martian
atmosphere? J Have the scientists other
predictions about Mars been validated?
53
Nitrogen Cycle
  • Plants must have Nitrogen
  • Lightening and bacteria fix Nitrogen into a
    form usable by plants.
  • It is absorbed by plant
  • Used to build amino acids for building proteins,
    enzymes and the nitrogen bases of DNA.

54
Nitrogen Cycle
55
Rock Cycle
56
Pollution
  • Pollution is the introduction of contaminants
    into a natural environment that causes harm to
    the ecosystem.

57
Mans Effects on the Environment
  • More than 90 of fresh water is locked in ice at
    the polar caps and in glaciers.
  • Much of the fresh water is polluted by land
    run-off, dumping of wastes and excess heat
    directly into lakes, oceans and rivers.

58
Mans Effects on the Environment
  • SMOG is air pollution some causes are fumes
    from cars and factories.
  • It can be dangerous to breath the air in some big
    cities

59
Greenhouse effect
  • Global warming, also called the Greenhouse
    Effect is caused by excess burning of fossil
    fuels (gasoline)
  • Destruction of our oxygen producing protist
    in the oceans, and deforestation on land.
  • Less plants means less oxygen and more
    CO2.

60
Deforestation
  • Cutting down the trees in the forest.
  • Trees are natural filters that clean air and
    provide oxygen.
  • Forest provide homes to animals. Many animal
    species are now extinct because we destroyed
    there homes.

61
Conservation
To protect and preserve the environment Use
natural resources wisely Conserve water You
need clean air to breath Provide natural homes
for animals
62
What is the phrase for ecology?
  • Reduce Reuse Recycle

63
54 Which of these activities can help conserve
natural resources?
  • F Recycling cardboard boxes
  • G Washing small loads of laundry
  • H Driving large cars
  • J Building wooden fences

Yes! Recycle! Not saving water! Wasting fuel!
Cutting down trees that give oxygen and clean
air!
64
Good job guys!
  • END
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