Introduction to Biology

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Introduction to Biology

• Studying Lifes Diversity and Intricate Processes

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Biological Inquiry

• Bio of living things
• What Are the Characteristics of Living Things?
• How Do We Categorize Living Things?
• How Do Biologists Study Living Things?

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Characteristics of Living Things

• Propose as many differences as you can between a
  living organism and a non-living thing.

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Characteristics of Living Things Order

• Organisms are composed of highly organized cells.
• Cell smallest unit of life
• Organic molecules carbon-containing
  building blocks of life

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Characteristics of Living Things Order
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Characteristics of Living Things Order
Most Complex
LeastComplex
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Characteristics of Living Things Regulation

• Living things maintain homeostasis.

homeostasis state of internal constancy
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Characteristics of Living Things Growth and
Development

• Growth increase in size
• Development change in
  characteristics

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Characteristics of Living Things Energy
Utilization

• Living things acquire and use materials and
  energy
• Energy ability to do work
• Metabolism sum of chemical reactions in an
  organism

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Characteristics of Living Things Response to
Environment

• Living things respond to stimuli from their
  environment.

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Characteristics of Living Things Reproduction

• Living things use DNA reproduce themselves.
• The molecule of heredity
• DNA deoxyribonucleic acid

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Number of genes now estimated at 30,000 based on
Human Genome Project findings
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Organizational Hierarchy of Life with examples
cell organelle macromolecule molecule atom sub-
atomic particles
neuron nucleus genome chromosome gene DNA nucleoti
de nitrogen protons, neutrons, electrons
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Nucleotide a molecule
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Nucleotide chain a larger molecule
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DNA double helix a macromolecule
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Chromosomes combinations of macromolecules (DNA
proteins)
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Characteristics of Living Things Evolution

• Living things change over time by the
  process of evolution.
• Evolution change in characteristics
  over time

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Characteristics of Living Things

• Living things
• 1. are composed of highly organized cells.
• 2. maintain homeostasis.
• 3. grow and develop.
• 4. acquire and use materials and energy.
• 5. respond to stimuli from their environment.
• 6. use DNA to reproduce themselves.
• 7. change over time by evolution.

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How Do We Categorize Living Things?
The Tree of Life The Three Domains of Life
Represent the Earliest Branches in Evolutionary
History
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The Eukaryotic Tree of Life
Four Kingdoms
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Comparing Categories of Living Things
Bacteria Prokaryotic
Archaea Prokaryotic
Protista Eukaryotic
Fungi Eukaryotic
Plantae Eukaryotic
Animalia Eukaryotic
Prokaryotic few internal membranes no
membrane-bound nucleus Eukaryotic extensive
internal membranes membrane-bound nucleus
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Comparing Categories of Living Things
Bacteria Unicellular
Archaea Unicellular
Protista MostlyUnicellular
Fungi Multicellular
Plantae Multicellular
Animalia Multicellular
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Comparing Categories of Living Things
Bacteria Absorption, Photosynthesis
Archaea Absorption
Protista Absorption, Ingestion, or photosynthesis
Fungi Absorption
Plantae Photosynthesis
Animalia Ingestion
Autotrophic self-feeder Photosynthesis
using the energy of the sun to produce
organic molecules Heterotrophic other
feeder Absorption of food molecules
Ingestion- taking in food and
breaking it down into
molecules
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How Do Biologists Study Living Things?

• Hypothesis-Based Approach
• Observation objective notation of a phenomenon
• Hypothesis question that can be tested by
  experimentation
• Experiment
• Data Collection
• Conclusion
• Supported Hypothesis
• Theory hypothesis supported by repeated testing
• Principle theory supported over a long period of
  time with a variety of experimental approaches

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Hypothesis Mimics benefit because predators
confuse them with harmful species
Experiment Compare predator attacks on
artificial snakes with mimic and non-mimic
coloration in areas where mimics and models
overlap and in areas where they are not found
together
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Results of Mimicry Experiment
Which is the experimental group?Which is the
control group? Do the results support the
hypothesis?