Unit 1: Biology

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Unit 1 Biology

• Unity and Diversity

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What you need

• ?Nelson Biology VCE Units 12
• ?Student Resource and Activity Manual 2014
  Biozone (leave in classroom)
• ?Nelson Biology Unit 12 Practical Guide (leave
  in classroom)
• ?Pens, Pencils, Highlighters, Ruler
• ?Exercise Book

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Assessment

• You will be examined against the following
  criteria in Unit 12
• Knowledge of biological terms and conventions
• Understanding of key biological concepts,
  processes and principles
• Application of biological understanding to
  unfamiliar situations
• Evaluation of experimental procedures and results
• Analysis of information to solve problems, draw
  conclusions and/or make predictions

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Also...

• You MUST attend 85 of classes (10 approved, 3
  unapproved)
• You MUST participate in all practical activities
• To achieve an S ALL aspects of the outcomes
  must be addressed
• Topic tests will be conducted throughout the
  semester
• It is YOUR responsibility to ensure that
  deadlines are met

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ASSESSMENT

• You will be assessed from A to E. If you
  hand your work in late you will receive an
  Ungraded mark.
• You will be assessed through practical
  reports, multimedia presentations, oral
  presentations and posters.
• You will have a topic test at the conclusion
  of each chapter and you will have an examination
  at the end of each unit.

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ASSESSMENT

• Your report will contain the following
• SAC 1 practical report average
• SAC 2 student designed practical
• SAC 3 PowerPoint presentation
• Test average
• Review questions

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CANNOT STRESS THIS ENOUGH!

• If you are not going to make a deadline for what
  ever reason come and see me BEFORE the due date.

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CHAPTER REVIEW QUESTIONS

• Review Questions are required to be completed for
  each chapter of your book.
• The answers for these questions must be well
  presented and well researched using your books to
  help you.
• You will be graded A to UG

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  Questions
  CHAPTER 1     ALL
  CHAPTER 2     1, 2, 7, 8, 10, 14, 15, 17, 19, 24, 25, 26, 29  
  CHAPTER 3     1, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 12, 14, 15, 16
  CHAPTER 4     2, 7, 8, 9, 10, 14, 18, 19, 23, 26
  CHAPTER 5     1, 2, 5, 7, 12, 14, 20, 21, 27, 29, 37, 42, 44, 49, 54  
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NEED HELP?

• See me if you need help before due dates.
• If you think you arent going to finish on time
  see me before the due date
• Having trouble see me in class, or come to my
  staffroom either at lunch or during a spare
  period (staffroom 1)
• As we near examination times I will run lunchtime
  revision classes.
• Ask questions

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Tips to succeed

• PLAN!
• Learn glossary terms!
• Go over work in class!
• Start homework early!
• Revise your work using different methods!
• See me if you have any problems!!!
• Your in VCE now!!!!!!

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Topic 1 Cell Structure Organisation

• By the end of this topic, you should know and
  understand
• Cell structure for both prokaryotic and
  eukaryotic cells.
• Cell Organisation
• Cell Functioning organelle function
• Biochemical processes photosynthesis and
  cellular respiration
• The role of enzymes

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5 kingdoms of life
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Monera
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Protista
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Fungi
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Plantae
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Animalia
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TYPES OF ORGANISMS

• Single celled made up of one cell

• Multicellular made up of many cells

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Every organism (multicellular) is made up of

• 1. Systems a group of organs that work together
  to perform a specific function
• eg Digestive system, reproductive system, root
  system.
• 2. Organs a collection of tissues which work
  together to ensure a particular function is
  performed.
• eg - Digestive System
• Stomach, Liver, small
• large Intestines
• Stomach made of tissues
• such as epithelium, smooth
• muscle cells and blood.

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• 3. Tissues made up of specialised cells that
  work together to perform a similar function

Cardiac Muscle Tissue
Red Blood Cells
Nerve Cells
Plant Cells
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Cells.

• The basic structural functional unit of any
  organism.
• Can survive on its own (or has the potential to
  do so.)
• Has a highly organised structure, and has many
  chemical processes and reactions occurring within
  it.
• Senses and responds to changes in its
  environment.
• Has the potential to reproduce itself.
• Differ in shape, size and activities depending on
  what their role is.

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Life span of cells.

• The average life spans of some human cells
• Stomach cells 2 days
• Mature sperm cells 2 3 days
• Skin cells 20 35 days
• Red blood cells about 120 days
• Why this
• is possible but these are generally not
  replaced during a persons lifetime.

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Cell Theory

• All living things are composed of one or more
  cells.
• The cell is the smallest form of life.
• All cells come from
• pre-existing cells,
• via cell division.

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There are two types of cells

• 1. Prokaryotic
• 2. Eukaryotic.
• The structure of these cells provides the
  groupings of all organisms into 5 kingdoms.
• Cells of living things (ref pg
  6)
• Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells
• Monera Plantae Animalia Protista
  Fungi

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Common to all cells.

• Each cell is a small compartment with an outer
  boundary cell membrane/ plasma membrane -
  controls entry of dissolved substances into and
  out of the cell.
• Inside each living cell is fluid cytosol
• Cells also all contain genetic material that
  controls all metabolic activities- DNA
  (deoxyribonucleic acid)

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1. Prokaryotic Cells

• Organisms known as prokaryotes
• Simple internal structure.
• No membrane-bound organelles
• No membrane-bound nucleus
• circular DNA
• Ribosomes
• Non cellulose cell wall
• Kingdoms Monera (bacteria)

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Generalised Prokaryotic Cell
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2. Eukaryotic Cells

• Single celled and multi-celled organisms
  (eukaryotes).
• Complex internal structures
• Membrane-bound organelles in the cytosol
  (compartmentalise functions)
• Membrane-bound nucleus (nuclear membrane)
• Kingdoms Protista - Plantae
• - Animalia - Fungi

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A eukaryotic animal cell.

• A simple line drawing is the most common way to
  draw a cell and its organelles.

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• A eukaryotic PLANT cell.

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Glossary

• Your glossary should be in the back of your
  notebook. Use the glossary in the text, and also
  the information within the text to write your
  definition of the following terms
• System
• Organs
• Tissues
• Prokaryotic cells
• Eukaryotic cells
• Organelles

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Units of measurement

• Metre m 1m
• Millimetre mm 10-3 m
• Micrometre um 10-6m
• Nanometre nm 10-9m

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The discovery of cells

• Several key events occurred to construct our
  understanding of cells
• Galileo Galilei (1609) put glass lenses in a
  cylinder and found they magnified objects,
  studying eyes of an insect.
• Robert Hooke (1665) used a microscope to observe
  thinly sliced cork cells.
• Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1674) created improved
  microscopes so magnification was up to 300 times.
• Robert Brown (1831) used improve lenses to view
  plant cells. He noticed the cells contained a
  nucleus.

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Microscopes

• Light (optical) microscope
• Uses light rays to enlarge an image of a specimen
  through glass lenses
• Advantage can be used to view living cells
  (provides magnification of up to 400 times),
  cheap
• Disadvantage limited magnification stains
  dyes need to be used to enhance cell detail but
  these kill the cell, samples need to be very thin
• Electron microscope
• Uses an electron beam and electromagnets (instead
  of glass lenses)
• Advantage extremely clear resolution at a very
  large magnification (up to 500,000 times)
• Disadvantage specimens must be dead, expensive,
  images black and white

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Compound Light Microscopes
The ocular lens is 10x magnification. If you use
4x magnification (objective) then the total
magnification will be 40x (10 x 4 40) Always
write the magnification next to your diagram.
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Dissecting Microscope
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Laser Scanning Microscope
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Electron Scanning microscopes

• Magnification
• 80,000 - 500,000x

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Transmission Electron Microscope
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Magnification (up to 1500x)

• The ocular lens is 10x magnification. If you use
  4x magnification (objective) then the total
  magnification will be 40x (10 x 4 40)
• Always write the magnification next to your
  diagram.

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Drawing diagrams in Biology

• Use Pencil
• Never colour-in diagrams (no shading)
• All diagrams should use proper titles and labels
• Labels should
• be written
• horizontally

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Practical Activity 1.1

• Purpose
• to revise and refine microscopic use.
• To explore some of the structures of unicellular
  and multicellular organisms.

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Cell size Specialisation

• Cell specialisation cells that have taken on
  special features to enable them to carry out
  their task. (eg nerve cell, red blood cell)
• Size is an important factor in the functioning of
  cells the cells volume to surface area ratio
  is crucial.
• - The cell must be able to efficiently remove
  wastes and obtain its requirements.
• The rate of outward movement of wastes and inward
  movement of requirements will influence the size
  to which the cell will grow.

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Cell Size

• Cells are measured in microns micrometer
  (µm 10-6 of a metre (0.000001m 0.001mm or 1mm
  1000µm) nanometres nm 10-9 of a metre (or
  1µm 1000nm)

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Why are cells generally small?

• Rheanons answer
• Cells are usually very small because as a cell
  grows it generally increases more quickly in
  volume than in surface area, and it will
  eventually reach a point where the inward
  movement of requirements and the outward movement
  of wastes across the surface area are not fast
  enough to allow the cell to grow any more and
  still function efficiently.

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Surface Area To Volume Ratio

• The SAV ratio of any object is obtained by
  dividing its area by its volume.
• Area refers to the coverage of a surface - cm²
• Volume refers to the amount of space taken up by
  an object - cm³
• The SAV ratio of a shape identifies how many
  units of external surface area are available to
  supply each unit of internal volume.
• In general, as a particular shape increases in
  size, the SAV ratio of the shape decreases.
• Cells with outfoldings can exchange matter with
  their surroundings more rapidly than cells
  lacking this feature.

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Taking on different jobs

• Boundary plasma membrane and cell wall
• Power Supply mitochondria
• Building Cell Structures ribosomes
• Supporting Cell Structures cytoskeleton
• Transport with the Cell endoplasmic reticulum
• Packaging Distribution golgi apparatus
• Recycling Reuse lysosomes
• Moving in out endocytosis exocytosis
• Coordinating cell activities nucleus

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Coordinating cell activities - Nucleus

• Control centre of eukaryotes.
• Coordinates all actions within the cell
• Main physical feature of a eukaryotic cell
  usually seen as a dark organelle.
• Separated from the rest of cell by nuclear
  membrane/envelope (double membrane).
• Contains DNA (Codes for the
• production of proteins that carry out
• different functions within a cell),
• and the nucleolus
• Mature RBC no nuclei

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Nucleolus

• Made of protein and ribosomal RNA (ribonucleic
  acid)
• Manufactures
• proteins in the cell.

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Taking on different jobs1a. Boundary - Plasma
membrane

• Outermost barrier in animal cells
• Found in all living cells (prokaryotes and
  eukaryotes)
• Seen using an electron microscope
• Made of lipid (fat) molecules with tiny protein
  channels passing through it to allow movement of
  molecules (nutrients wastes) in and out of cell.

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1b. Boundary - Cell Wall

• Outermost barrier in plant, fungi, bacterial and
  most algae cells. (not present in animal cells)
• Provides extra support, shape protection. (some
  larger plants have a double cell wall ie. Cells
  in tree trunk)
• Cell wall is made from
• Plants cellulose
• Fungi chitin
• Bacteria
• proteins polysaccharides
• (peptidoglycan)
• When a plant cells
• contents die, it leaves a
• hollow tube where nutrients and water can flow.

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Cytoplasm

• The fluid, dissolved substances and organelles
  within the cell between the plasma membrane the
  nuclear membrane, where all the activities are
  carried out.
• The fluid is called cytosol.

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2. Power house- Mitochondria

• Only in eukaryotes, seen with an electron
  microscope
• Site of cellular respiration (aerobic
  respiration) releasing energy for the cell (form
  of ATP).
• Cellular respiration equation
• Glucose Oxygen Carbon dioxide
  water heat energy
• C6H12O6 6O2 6C02
  6H2O
• The inner membranes (cristae)
• folded to provide a large
• surface area for the reaction to occur.
• contain an enzyme that
• catalyses the reaction.

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Energy production

• The energy released by mitochondria is called ATP
  (adenosine triphosphate)
• ATP (chemical energy) powers all cell processes
  and therefore keeps us alive
• Where would mitochondria be highly prevalent?

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3. Building cell structures - Ribosomes

• Present in prokaryotes and eukaryotes (not
  membrane bound)
• Very small organelles composed of protein and RNA
  (ribonucleic acid)
• Manufacture proteins from amino acids helps
  cells grow, repair damage etc
• Scattered throughout the cells cytoplasm OR
• Can be attached to
• endoplasmic reticulum
• Seen using an electron
• microscope

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4. Supporting cell structure - Cytoskeleton

• internal framework in cytoplasm- shape and
  structure
• Microtubules
• Hollow cylindrical tubes, scaffold
• rails for organelles to move on.
• Constant mixing and movement of the cytoplasm
  cytoplasmic streaming
• Can come apart and
• Reassemble.
• Microfilaments
• Solid contractile
• allow the cell to
• change shape.
• (eg muscle cells)

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• Intermediate filaments provide tensile strength
  for attachment of cells to each other to support
  long nerve cell extensions and maintain tissue
  shape.

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Only in animal cells - Centrioles

• Replicate before division to produce two pairs
• Give rise to spindle fibres which chromosomes
  attach to
• When spindle fibres contract, chromosomes are
  moved around the cell

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5. Transport within the cell - Endoplasmic
Reticulum

• Only present in eukaryotes
• An Intracellular (inside cell) transport system.
• A system of membranous channels, allows
  substances to move through the cell.
• Small sacs (vesicles) can be pinched off,
  allowing
• molecules to be transported
• around the cell to other
• organelles
• Two types rough smooth.

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(i) Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum.

• Ribosomes are stuck to the ER making it look
  rough.
• Proteins produced can move directly into ER and
  move around the cell.
• Membrane factory
• Excretory proteins hormones, enzymes move to
  other cells

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(ii) Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

• Has no ribosomes attached to its membranes.
• Syntheises fats, phospholipids, steroids
• transports proteins vesicles break off ends.

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6. Packing Distribution - Golgi Apparatus

• Only in eukaryotes
• Works closely with smooth E.R.
• Packages and stores molecules (proteins, such
  as digestive enzymes) for their release.
• Consists of a system of stacks of membranes. The
  ends pinch off into vesicles, which can then
  move to the plasma membrane and fuse for release
  outside the cell.

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7. Recycling reuse Lysosomes(AKA suicide
sacs)

• Only found in eukaryotes
• Formed by the Golgi Apparatus.
• Contains digestive enzymes which split large
  chemical compounds into simpler usable molecules.
  
• Membrane breaks, enzymes released to destroy the
  cell by digesting the contents.
• Apoptosis programmed cell death when the
  cells are old or no longer needed
• Syndactyly results if apoptosis doesnt occur.

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8a. Moving in Endocytosis 8b. Moving out -
Exocytosis.

• Molecules must be able to move into the cell
  (nutrients) and out of the cell
  (proteins/wastes).
• Exocytosis a small membrane-bound vesicle joins
  to the plasma membrane, and releases its contents
  to the outside of the cell.
• Endocytosis the plasma membrane sinks and forms
  a vesicle enclosing the material bringing it into
  the cell.
• When the material is a solid food phagocytosis.
  When the material is in solution pinocytosis.

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Transportation within a cell.
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Specialised structures in Plants.1. Adding
colour - Plastids

• A group of organelles containing colour pigments.
• Chromoplasts
• carotenoid pigments (red-yellow)
• turn green as they mature (produce chlorophyll)
• found in flowers and leaves.
• Leucoplasts
• colourless.
• amyplasts - store starch grains.
• found in roots (also root vegetables)

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• Chloroplasts
• only found in plant and algae cells
• contain the green chlorophyll pigment.
• absorbs light energy for use in photosynthesis.
• Grana folded membrane layers (lamellae)
  provide large surface area where chlorophylls are
  located.
• Stroma fluid between the grana.
• Photosynthesis occurs in the stroma and thylakoid
  membrane system.

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Chlorophyll

• Green part of plants (plastid).
• internal membranes are folded - maximise surface
  area.
• Absorbs sunlight
• Photosynthesises the
• chemical reaction using sun
• energy to convert carbon
• dioxide and water into
• glucose and oxygen.
• Photosynthesis reaction
• Carbon dioxide water Glucose
  oxygen water
• 6CO2 12H2O C6H12O6
  6O2 6H2O

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2. Moving things about Xylem Phloem.

• move water and nutrients around a plant in
  vascular tissue
• series of hollow tubes.
• give strength to plant stems and tree trunks.

• Xylem
• Water minerals
• Roots to leaves (UP)
• Tracheids and vessels
• Dead hollow cells
• Strengthened with lignin rings
• Phloem
• sugars in solution (from photosynthesis)
• sieve companion cells
• Sugar flows through sieve cells/tubes
• Companion cells control sieve cells

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Vascular tissue
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3. Storage facility - Vacuoles

• Membrane bound fluid filled spaces
• Storage facility for various substances mainly
  water and nutrients
• expand - up to 90 of the cells volume.
• cell wall prevents the plant cell from exploding.
• Generally large in plants
• In animals - food vacuoles are
• involved with intercellular digestion.

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Moving from place to place -Active Movement.
Paramecium

• Cilia hair like structures that propel the cell
  forward. However, they are often found lining
  ducts, along which materials can be moved up or
  down by means of their rapid and rhythmical
  beating. (eg lungs)
• Flagellum a long whip-like tail that pushes
  cell forward. Attached to cell membrane. (eg
  sperm)
• Corkscrew movement (prokaryote)
• Wavy movement (eukaryote)
• Both contain microtubules

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Moving from place to place Passive Movement.

• cells move by floating in something such as water
  or plasma (eg red blood cells)

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Glossary Terms

• Add these terms to your glossary.
• Cellular Respiration
• Vesicle
• Apoptosis
• Enzymes
• Spindle Fibres
• Intercellular
• Intracellular
• Stroma
• Thylakoid
• Lignin
• Cytoplasmic Streaming
• Last Slide