Welcome to Biology Class!

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Welcome to Biology Class!

• When you enter, please find the seat that has
  your name on the small square taped to the desk.
• Have a seat and write your name in the textbook
  on the desk. This is your book!
• When finished, answer the Student Self-Evaluation
  questions.

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Why should I learn biology?

• Biology is the study of life and you are alive!
  Biology will help you understand things that you
  will experience, such as sickness and doctors
  visits or training your dog, and make the BEST
  choices.
• Biology, and science in general, helps you think
  about problems differently, and then to figure
  out a solution that works.
• Biology can be very interesting. After all, the
  Discover Channel and TLC dont stay on because
  people DONT watch!
• On a practical note, successfully passing this
  class is required to graduate. Better to get it
  finished in one year, than to take the class over
  and over and over

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How can I win in biology? There are two factors
YOU and the class.

• What about me?
• At what kinds of things am I successful? (What
  are you good at?)
• What kind of a student am I? Do I want to be?
• If I have taken it before, what happened that
  caused me not to get credit?
• What else is going on in my life that affects my
  school work?

• What about the class?
• What will I be expected to do?
• How can I study to prepare for the tests?
• How have other people successfully passed the
  class?
• What are the most important things I need to do
  in order to pass?

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Index Card Directions

• On Front (unlined side)
• Name (printed first AND last)
• Parent Email (due tomorrow)
• On Back (lined side) In paragraph format
• I ______ school because ________. My favorite
  class is ________ because _____. At home, I
  ___________. I am thinking about a career in
  _________. The three words that best describe me
  are ____, ___, and _____.

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The Nature of Biology

• Unit 1 Notes
• pp. 1-7

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How do you design an experiment?

• Problem/Purpose
• The question the lab will answer
• Identifies the independent and dependent
  variables
• Independent variable the factor the scientist
  changes from group to group
• Dependent variable the factor the scientist
  measures to see the effect of the independent
  variable

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How do you design an experiment?

• Research/Background Information
• Lets the reader learn about the topic
• Helps the scientist develop an educated
  hypothesis
• Focuses on the subjects and variables tested in
  the lab

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How do you design an experiment?

• C. Hypothesis
• An educated prediction
• Can be tested, proven false, and agrees with
  previous research

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How do you design an experiment?

• D. Procedure/Experiment
• List of materials may be included first
• Steps must be precise and detailed
• Has one control group
• Normal conditions or absence of independent
  variable
• Used for comparison
• Experimental group(s) have only one changing
  variable (which is the independent variable)

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How do you design an experiment?

• E. Observations/Data
• Must be objective.
• Good Example The bacterial colony is yellow.
• Bad Example The bacterial colony is nasty.
• May be descriptive or quantitative.
• Use measurements whenever possible.
• Good Example There are 50 bacterial colonies in
  section two.
• Bad Example There are a whole bunch of colonies.

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How do you design an experiment?

• E. Observations/Data
• Do not draw conclusions in the data section of
  the report.
• Good Example There are bacteria and fungal
  colonies in the shoe section.
• Bad Example The shoe was really dirty and so it
  was the most contaminated and grew a lot of
  stuff.
• Should be organized.
• May use a graph, table, or drawing(s).
• Always include units of measurement and a title.

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How do you design an experiment?

• F. Analysis/Conclusions
• Answers the purpose question.
• Accepts or rejects the hypothesis.
• Explains what can be inferred from the data.

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What is the nature of research?

• A. Scientific knowledge is tentative.
• Theories are the most logical explanation based
  on current evidence, become stronger as more
  evidence is gathered, and give us a basis for
  prediction.
• Laws are universal generalizations that are
  virtually unchanging.
• B. Scientific knowledge must be shared, which
  allows other scientists to repeat and verify the
  work of others.

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Review Questions

• Review Questions
• 1. Which step of the scientific method is used to
  develop a hypothesis?
• Background Research
• 2. Which step is an educated prediction about the
  outcome of the experiment?
• Hypothesis
• 3. In the experiment, The effect of nicotine on
  the heart rate of a water flea
• a. the independent variable is Nicotine
• b. the dependent variable is Heart Rate
• c. the control group would most likely be Fleas
  NOT exposed to nicotine
• 4. Is evolution a theory or a law? Explain why.
  
• A theory although supported by evidence, it has
  not yet been proven to be a universal
  generalization

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What is biology?

• A. Biology means the study of (-ology) all life
  (bio-) and includes many branches.
• Microbiology The study of microorganisms
• Ecology The study of living things and their
  environment
• Cytology The study of cells
• Genetics The study of heredity
• Oncology The study of cancer
• Botany The study of plants

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What is biology?

• A. Characteristics of life
• Organization (The level of complexity)
• Organism
• Organ System
• Organs
• Tissues
• Cells
• Molecules
• Atoms/Elements

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What is biology?

• All living things need six essential elements
  (atoms) Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen,
  Phosphorus, Sulfur (CHNOPS)
• All living things are made of cells.
• 1. One-celled organism unicellular
• 2. Many-celled organism - multicellular

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What is biology?

• 2. Energy Use
• Organisms need energy constantly to build
  molecules (synthesis) and cells and to break down
  substances (such as food for nutrition or
  invading bacteria cells).
• Organisms must transport nutrients to be used in
  cellular respiration to produce energy.
• An organisms chemical reactions (all of which
  use or store energy) are called its metabolism

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What is biology?

• 3. Reproduction
• Important at the specie level (organisms must
  replace themselves so the entire species will
  survive.)
• May be asexual (only one individual contributes
  genetic material) or sexual (two individuals
  contribute genes).

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What is biology?

• 4. Growth and Development
• Growth to increase in size. Increases the
  number of cells of a multicellular organism.
• Development change that takes place in
  structure and function of an organism during its
  life cycle.
• Example Embryo becomes a fetus

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What is biology?

• 5. Respond to Stimuli
• A quick, non-permanent change
• Stimulus any condition that causes an organism
  to react.
• Example A loud noise (stimulus) causes your dog
  to run under the bed (response).

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What is biology?

• 6.. Adjust to Environment
• Homeostasis - the regulation of an organisms
  internal environment to maintain conditions
  suitable for life
• Ex Sweating when you get hot to cool down
• Ex Getting rid of wastes by excretion

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What is biology?

• b. An adaptation is an inherited structure,
  behavior, or internal process that enables
  organisms to better survive an environment.
• Ex Opposable thumb on all primates
• Ex A chameleons skin can change colors

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Review Questions

• Review Questions
• 1. What is the basic unit of life?
• A cell
• 2. A group of cells that perform a similar
  function are known as a
• a tissue
• 3. What are two reasons an organism needs
  energy?
• To build and to break down materials
• 4. Label the following as an adaptation or a
  response to a stimulus.
• a. the hollow bones of a bird Adaptation
• b. jerking your hand away from a hot stove
  Response
• 5. A butterfly emerging from a cocoon is an
  example of which characteristic of life?
• Development

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What technology allows biologists to study
microscopic life?

• A. Compound Light Microscope
• Has two lenses ocular (eyepiece) and objective
• In order to be viewed, specimen must be thin (so
  the light may shine through the specimen) and
  placed on a slide.
• Specimen may be stained to better see structures

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• B. Electron Microscope
• Uses electrons to produce an image
• Types
• Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
• Sends a beam of electrons across the objects
  surface
• Produces a 3-D image
• Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)
• Designed to look at structures inside a cell
• Capable of greatest magnification

Eye of an ant
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• C. Limitations of microscopes
• Magnification is limited by the strength of the
  lens.
• Calculating magnification
• Ocular lens x objective lens total
  magnification
• Example
• Ocular (10x) x objective (40x) 400x
• As magnification increases resolution/(sharpness)
  decreases.

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Review Questions

• 1. Why must specimen be thin for a compound light
  microscope?
• To allow light to pass through to lens
• 2. Which microscope provides the highest possible
  magnification?
• TEM
• 3. If the ocular lens is 10x and the objective
  lens is 10x then the total magnification is?
• 100x
• 4. As magnification increases resolution
• decreases

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Biology Bingo

• Independent variable
• Dependent variable
• Background information
• Hypothesis
• Control group
• Experimental group
• Data
• Theory
• Law
• Microbiology
• Ecology
• Cytology
• Genetics
• Growth
• Development
• Response
• Stimulus
• Homeostasis

• Oncology
• Botany
• Organism
• Organ System
• Organs
• Tissues
• Cells
• Molecules
• Atoms
• CHNOPS
• Unicellular
• Multicellular
• Metabolism
• Energy use
• Asexual reproduction
• Sexual reproduction
• Adaptation