Biology Mrs. Schalles

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Biology Mrs. Schalles

• Chapter 1 The Science of Life

Most notes images in this show from HOLT
Biology text unless noted otherwise. Image from
http//www.le.ac.uk/bl/background2.jpg
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Most topics that will be covered in Biology are
introduced in chapter 1

• I. The World of Biology
• A. Branches of Biology
• B. 7 Characteristics of Living Things
• II. 3 Themes in Biology
• A. Unity of lifes Genetic Code
  Classification
• B. Interdependence Environment Ecology
• C. Evolution Darwin, Natural Selection,
  Adaptations
• III. Scientific Method
• Tools Techniques
• Microscopes Other tools

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Biology- the study of living things

• Biologists study life on many levels- from
  molecular to global.

We are beginning to solve puzzles- how does a
single cell grow into a multicellular plant or
animal, how the human mind works, how solar
energy is converted into chemical energy- food,
how organisms network in biological communities
like coral reefs, what threatens life
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I. The World of Biology

• A. Definitions
• 1. Biology- the study of life
• bio means life,
• -logy means the study of.
• 2. The branches of Biology
• -something in the vast field of biology
  interests you is important to your life.
• -Biologists study the food supply,
  microorganisms, plants, health, ecology,
  biochemistry more.
• Well look at some of the many fields of biology.

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Branches of Biology

• Anatomy- study of body parts
• Botany- study of plants
• Bacteriology- study of bacteria
• Cytology- study of cells
• Ecology study of environment
• Embryology- study of development of individuals
• Entomology- study of insects
• Horticulture-study of growing
• Immunology- study of immune system

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• Genetics study of genes heredity
• Hematology- study of blood
• Herpetology- study of snakes
• Microbiology study of microorganisms
• Mycology- study of fungi
• Pathology- study of abnormal structures or
  functions
• Parasitology study of parasites
• Paleontology- study of formerly-living
• organisms like fossils and dinosaurs
• Physiology-study of body part functions
• Taxonomy- study of classification
• Virology- study of viruses
• Zoology -The study of animals

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3. Organism- a living thing

• Oldest fossil of a living organism- over 3.5
  billion years old
• Earliest Life on Earth-For millions of years-
  only characteristics - unicellular, aquatic,
  microscopic,
• simple, anaerobic
• (cannot live in oxygen)

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B. 7 Characteristics of Living Things

• 1. Organization/ Cell theory
• 2. Response to stimuli
• 3. Homeostasis
• 4. Metabolism
• 5. Growth Development
• 6. Reproduction
• 7. Evolution

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1. Organization/ Cell theory

• Cell Theory the theory that all living things
• are made up of one or more cells,
• 1. Cells are the basic units of organisms
• 2. In a multicellular organism - cells
  specialized!
• 3. Cells come only from existing cells.
• Unicellular (single celled organism)
• Multicellular (many celled organism)

-A cell is the smallest unit that can perform all
lifes processes.
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Prokaryotic Eukaryotic cells
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Organization -is the high degree of order within
an organisms internal external parts its
interactions with the world.

• Hierarchy of organization of living things
• Atom
• Organic Molecule
• Organelle
• Cell
• Tissue
• Organ
• Organism

See pages 6-7 of your textbook
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Emergent Properties

• In the levels of the hierarchy there are new
  characteristics that are not apparent at a
  simpler level
• Atom-Molecule-Organelle-Cell-Tissue-Organ-Organism
  
• A living organism is a whole greater than the
  sum of its parts.
• (cannot fully explain a higher level of order by
  breaking it down into its parts)

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Cells are made of parts

• Atoms Carbon (C), Nitrogen (N), Oxygen (O),
  Hydrogen (H), etc
• Molecules -made of atoms water- H20, Sugars
  like Glucose (C6H12O6), large Proteins like
  Hemoglobin, C738H1166N812O203S2Fe (amino acids
  with a Fe ion) Phospholipids, DNA, etc
• Organelles -made of molecules Nucleus, Cell
  membrane, Chloroplast, Mitochondria, Ribosomes,
  etc.

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• Atom-Molecule-Organelle-Cell-Tissue-Organ-Organism

health.yahoo.com
health.yahoo.com
web.jjay.cuny.edu
www.search.com
www.scienceaid.co.uk
www.answers.com
www.mie.utoronto.ca
Health.yahoo.com
http//orchard.sbschools.net/library/links/body.jp
g
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2. Response to Stimuli
7 Characteristics of Living Things

• Stimulus-
• a physical or chemical change in the internal or
  external environment.
• that elicits or accelerates a physiological or
  psychological activity or response.
• Response-
• Reaction to stimulus agent or action
• For example The owl dilates pupils in the eye to
  keep the level of light entering the constant.

ebiomedia.com
www.birds.cornell.edu
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3. Homeostasis
B. 7 Characteristics of Living Things

• --The ability or tendency of an organism or cell
  to maintain stable internal conditions
  (equilibrium )by adjusting its physiological
  processes.
• -conditions such as temperature, pH, water
  content, uptake of nutrients by cells, etc. will
  be maintained in a constant range- usually
  different than outside environment.

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Homeostasis Questions

• What would happen if
• -an amoeba could not maintain a
• different internal amount of water
• than its surroundings?
• It would explode with too much water
• It would shrivel up without enough water
• -what if a desert mouse could not maintain a
  different internal temperature than the
  environment?
• freeze to death in cold night air
• bake in the daytime heat.

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Quick Lab- page 8Observing Homeostasis in
Goldfish

• Read through the lab explanation.
• I will select the lab groups.
• Do not abuse the fish.
• Be very careful with the glass thermometers be
  sure the temperature is the same as the labeled
  beaker. Do not kill the fish. Wipe up any
  spills.
• Each person will hand-write a brief lab report
  (see lab report format- no cover page or
  references needed)
• Answer the 3 questions in the analysis section.

fish.dnr.cornell.edu
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Quick Lab Results

• Gills are a respiratory structure that consists
  of many blood vessels surrounded by a membrane
  that allows for gas exchange.
• It is protected by a hard plate called the
  operculum.
• The gills will move faster at higher
  temperatures.
• There is less dissolved oxygen in warmer water.
• The fish is taking in more water therefore more
  oxygen.
• The rate at which the gills move affects the
  amount of oxygen- the amount of dissolved gas in
  the fish blood. This maintains homeostasis.

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4. Metabolism
B. 7 Characteristics of Living Things

• is the sum of all the chemical reactions that
  take in and transform energy and materials from
  the environment.

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5. Growth and Development
B. 7 Characteristics of Living Things

• Growth of living things results from the division
  enlargement of cells.
• Development is the process by which an organism
  becomes a mature adult.

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6. Reproduction
B. 7 Characteristics of Living Things

• life must have ability to reproduce, no organism
  lives forever.
• Living organisms pass on hereditary information
  from parents to offspring.

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2 Types of Reproduction

• 1. Asexual Reproduction-one parent divides into 2
  identical offspring- EXAMPLES
• Binary fission -bacteria
• Budding -sponges -fungi like yeasts
• Regeneration- earthworms
• Advantage- dont need mate
• Disadvantage- no genetic variations
• 2. Sexual Reproduction- 2 parents combine genetic
  info to form a unique individual
• -Egg of a female sperm of a male form a ZYGOTE-
  info from both parents

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Cell Reproduction Mitosis Meiosis

• There are 2 kinds of cell division in eukaryotic
  cells
• Mitosis occurs in cells for
• growth, development, repair
• or asexual reproduction.
• Meiosis occurs during formation of gametes for
  sexual reproduction

www.ccs.k12.in.us/.../Humanembryology.htm
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Reproduction

• An interesting organism Volvox
• Common colonial algae
• Reproduces- asexually sexually!
• Asexual- 1 parent cell simply splits
• into 2 identical daughter cells
• Sexual reproduction
• The dark spheres are egg
• -cells. They are fertilized
• by small packages of sperm.

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Reproduction Inheritance

• Some important terms
• DNA molecule-
• deoxyribonucleic acid
• has how to info
• Gene- a segment on DNA macromolecule
• - may be 100s of genes on a DNA strand
• - codes for a specific trait (like eye
  color)
• Inheritance - traits passed from parent to
  offspring

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7. Change over Time (Evolution)
B. 7 Characteristics of Living Things

• Populations of living organisms evolve or change
  through time.
• -Evolution- from evolve meaning to
• change.

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II. 3 Themes in Biology

• Unity of lifes Diversity
• -Life is diverse yet shares unity in molecules
  -DNA genetic code
• Interdependence of Organisms
• -organisms interact with biotic abiotic factors
• C. Evolution - theory that organisms change over
  time, the driving force is the environment.

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DNA

• The Genetic code
• - all life has hereditary information in DNA
• DNA molecules (Deoxyribonucleic acid)
• -Double helix - shape is formed by nitrogenous
  base pairs attached to a sugar-phosphate
  backbone.

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Unity of Lifes Diversity

• Taxonomy the classification of organisms
• Tree of Life shows that all living things have
  descended with modification from a single common
  ancestor

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Phylogenic Tree

• Shows relationships
• between 3 Domains 6 Kingdoms

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Taxonomic Classification

• 3 domains Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.
• 6 Kingdoms Archaea, Bacteria, Protista, Fungi,
  Plantae, and Animalia.
• Further divided into smaller Taxonomic groups
• phyla
• class
• order
• family
• genus
• species

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3 Domains

• Archaea -Prokaryotic cells (unicellular)
• -little understood, recently discovered life
• -probably oldest cells found in extreme
  environments
• KINGDOM Archaea
• Bacteria Prokaryotic cells (unicellular)
• -all the common bacteria, both good bad
• -KINGDOMBacteria
• 3. Eukarya Eukaryotic cells (have a nucleus)
• There are four kingdoms in Eukarya
• Protista Fungi
• Plantae Animalia

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6 Kingdoms- examples

• Archaea, Bacteria, Protista,
• Fungi, Plantae, Animalia.

www.ucmp.berkeley.edu
www.dph.state.ct.us
www.microscopy-uk.org.uk
www.wetwebmedia.com
usuarios.lycos.es
usmo4.discoverlife.org
danny.oz.au
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B. Interdependence
II. 3 Themes in Biology

• Ecology- How organisms interact with both other
  organisms the environment.
• Biotic Factors living organisms
• Abiotic Factors - non-living part of the
  environment (water, temperature, soil type,etc)
• Ecosystems- Communities of different living
  species (Biotic factors) interact with each
  other their non-living environment (Abiotic
  factors).

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Ecology

• Is the study of how
• organisms interact
• with each other and
• their physical environment.
• Environment everything- biotic abiotic-
  surrounding an organism

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In ecology we will study

• Trophic levels in the food chain
• The Biosphere
• Population growth, limiting factors
• Species interactions Predation, competition,
  parasitism, Mutualism Commensalism
• Successional changes in communities
• Major Biomes of the world
• Use of resources, pollution
• Watershed Wetlands

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Energy Relationships -study how organisms get,
use transfer energy

• Sun- Source of almost all energy
• Autotrophs- Organisms that make their own energy
  (food) (photosynthesis)
• Heterotrophs Organisms that obtain energy by
  eating other organisms

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Food Chain Food web in an Antarctic Ecosystem
All food chains must start with a producer
(autotroph)!!! What is the difference between a
food chain a food web?
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Note numbers of organisms
Chart many times more producers than large
carnivores
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BIOSPHERE

• the thin layer of Earths crust, atmosphere
  ocean layers that supports LIFE
• includes
• All plant and animal life
• Air, soil and water.
• A variety of ecosystems that
• As far as we know so far - we are
• the only life in the universe

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Earth Age About 4.5 Billion Years OldLocation
In the Solar System, on the outer edge of the
Milky Way, about 28,000 light years from the
galactic center
Are we alone?
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Life in the Biosphere- 3 parts

• ATMOSPHERE light blanket of air enveloping the
  earth, with more than half its mass within 4
  miles of the surface and 98 within 16 miles
• HYDROSPHERE --- the surface subsurface waters
  in oceans, rivers, lakes, glaciers, groundwater
• LITHOSPHERE --- upper earth's crust containing
  the soils that support plant life, the minerals
  that plants and animals require for life and the
  fossil fuels and ores that humans exploit.

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Hydrosphere

• Surface Data
• 70 of earth is covered by water
• Remaining 30 - 7 continental land masses.
• Water Composition
• 97 salt water,
• 3 fresh water
• 2 glaciers/ice
• only.3 usable!

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Atmosphere

• Air Composition
• 78 nitrogen,
• 21 oxygen,
• 1 other
• Atmosphere
• Layers
• Trophosphere
• Stratosphere
• Mesosphere
• Thermosphere
• Exosphere

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Lithosphere-
Earth Layers Inner core- solid Outer core-
liquid Mantle- solid Asthenosphere- molten
like playdough Lithosphere- solid

• Includes the crust, is very thin
• Fragmented into tectonic plates which move.
• Plate movement is called plate tectonics.

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Ecology Levels of Organization

• ORGANISM -Simplest Level (1 living thing)
• POPULATION- All the members of the same species -
  that live in one place at a given time make-up
  a breeding group.
• COMMUNITY- Includes all the interacting
  populations in one area.
• ECOSYSTEM- Includes all the living (biotic)
  non-living (abiotic) factors in the environment.
• BIOSPHERE- Thin layer of life around earth.

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Levels of Organization
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A Changing Environment

• Abiotic Factors do not remain constant
• Organisms able to survive a range of conditions,
  both natural cycles manmade change
• Most individuals can survive average conditions

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Environmental Concerns-what are causes of
pollution where does it end up?
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Watersheds

• A watershed is the area of land where all of the
  water that is under it or drains off of it goes
  into the same place.

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Watersheds come in all shapes and sizes.

• They cross county, state, and national
  boundaries. No matter where you are, you're in a
  watershed!
• In southwestern PA- our water drains first in to
  small creeks, then into the Monongahela river,
  then into the Ohio River then the Mississippi
  River ultimately the Gulf of Mexico.

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Mississippi Watershed
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Pollution that is added to water upstream will
end up thousands of miles away.

• Oil dripping from you car
• Salt chemicals on the roadways
• Pesticides sprayed on your grass
• Cleaners washed down your sink drain
• Garbage dumped into the environment

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Toxic discharge
Scientists in Oregon Washington States
speculated that water discharged from a lake
pumped almost dry by farmers has contributed to
the toxic blue-green algae bloom that killed fish
in this river. Dead blue gills, carp and frogs
were readily visible in the water, which flows
directly to the Tualatin River.
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More fish die from a lack of oxygen than any
other cause

• Algae blooms -from pollution
• Stagnant water
• from building dams or other construction
• cause growth of micro-organisms that use up all
  the oxygen build up of undesirable chemicals,
  especially nutrients and heavy metals. 
• Also- Artificially warm water from industrial use
  
• Remember Warm water holds less oxygen than cool
  water

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Pennsylvania Fishes

• Note natural environments/ oxygen needs for local
  fish

• http//sites.state.pa.us/PA_Exec/Fish_Boat/pafish/
  fishhtms/chapindx.htm

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Municipal Solid Waste An average person may
produce a ton of refuse in a year

• a volume that rapidly overflows local dumps.

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A Modern Landfill
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Problems with Landfills

• Full- Many landfills are almost at capacity.
• NIMBY- where do we put new landfills???
• Leaks
• Leachate- a liquid that has formed as water leaks
  through compacted waste in a landfill.
• Methane Gas -highly explosive, flammable gas
  formed as organic matter decomposes.

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C. Evolution
(3rd Theme in Biology)

• Theory that organisms change over time, the
  driving force is the environment.
• Natural Selection- process by which adaptation is
  passed on to the next generation for best
  survival.
• Adaptations-
• -are favorable traits
• -Ex.- cactus plants
• adapted to desert

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Science Religion- in answer to your questions

• Occasionally, the media may report on the
  conflict between religion science- implying
  that one must choose or that science has
  replaced religion.
• For most there is no conflict! Many famous
  scientists were Christians who used their
  Judeo-Christian belief in a rational God as the
  foundation for their study.
• Even Evolution is NOT contrary to personal faith.
  

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Charles Darwin-

• English naturalist who presented compelling
  evidence that all species of life have evolved
  over time from common ancestors, through the
  process he called natural selection.

http//oreh.pef.uni-lj.si/markor/Darwin/Charles_D
arwin.jpg
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Darwins trip around the world on the
H.M.S.Beagle, especially the stops in South
America the Galapagos Islands were the basis
for his work.
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Darwin saw unusual things on his voyage tried
to explain them

• Strange Fossils
• Large tortoises
• Many kinds of beaks on finches

http//www.thisviewoflife.org/evolution/finch.jpg
www.break-fresh-ground.com
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Summary 4 Main Parts of Darwins Reasoning

• 1. Overproduction- more offspring are produced
  than can survive
• 2. Genetic Variation- within a population,
  individuals have different traits
• 3. Struggle to Survive- individuals must compete
  with each other to exist.
• 4. Differential Reproduction- Organisms with the
  best adaptations to environment more likely to
  survive reproduce.

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Natural Selection
Chapter 15
4 Main Parts of Darwins Reasoning
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A simple example of Natural Selection

• tiny fish may be able to hide under rocks and not
  get eaten by a predator
• next generation has fewer large fish, nature
  has selected for smaller fish in that pond

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Terms about Structure Function
Biology Terms Extra Info that you will need to
know

• Morphology the structure and form of an
  organism
• Anatomy the branch of morphology that deals
  with internal structure
• Structure is almost
• always related to
• function.
• Example- Bird beaks-
• shape shows how
• it gets food

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Science Society

• Applied Science- knowledge from biological
  science can be used to improve human life
• Bioethics The study of what is right or wrong
  as it applies to biological concerns.
• Biotechnology- technology based on biology,
  especially when used in agriculture, food
  science, and medicine
• genetic engineering, DNA Technology- making new
  forms of life by transferring genes from one
  organism into another- like inserting gene for
  enzyme Chymosin -from the stomach of calves into
  the DNA of both bacteria and yeasts-

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Biotechnology Genetically engineered cheese
cheese is now cheaply made - with genetically
modified yeast chymosin, (an enzyme which
curdles milk, found in calves, who drink milk,
but not in normal yeast!)
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Genetic Medical Applications

• Making medicine- until recently- medicine had to
  be collected from plants or made from chemicals.
  Now can make body substances like human blood
  clotting factors, insulin, vaccines (HGH)
  HumanGrowthHormone with GM bacteria.
• Making body parts- may be able to clone cells
  make new organs so that no rejection occurs. May
  be able to grow new human liver in another
  organism like a pig.
• May also be able to screen for diseases, create
  designer babies, cure cancer.

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Gene Therapy

• Example replace or repair faulty gene for cystic
  fibrosis.
• Insert a copy of good gene from healthy person
  into virus.
• Infect patients lungs with virus, virus delivers
  good gene. Now patient can make the right
  protein to stop accumulation of mucus can
  breathe normally.

Imagine being this mother of child with CF, Daily
you must massage loose mucus. Any cold could
overwhelm cause death. Now imagine what gene
therapy represents.
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Examples Featherless chicken

• a controversial featherless chicken which they
  say is faster growing.
• will not need to be plucked, saving money in
  processing plants.
• they would not be suitable for cooler
  countries,but OK in hot climates
• There was a rumor that KFC uses these already but
  it is not true.

http//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/2000003.stm
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Fishy Strawberries
Flounder is a fish that can withstand icy cold
temperatures. Scientists took the gene in the
fish that Produces an antifreeze inserted it
into a plasmid of a bacterium The bacterium
infected the strawberry the flounder
antifreeze gene entered the strawberrys
DNA The new GM strawberry cells are grown Into
new plants that have strawberries which make a
protein that keeps the fruit from frost damage.
www.usbornequicklinks.com
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GM foods- Golden Rice
Golden Rice is part of the solution to world
hunger malnutrition. -Biofortified rice may
alleviate life-threatening micronutrient
deficiencies in developing countries-(decrease
starvation) - Genetically modified- gene for
provitamin A (ß-carotene), is inserted into rice
genome.
www.goldenrice.org/
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All living things have the same genetic building
blocks
DNA- deoxyribonucleic acid has 4 nitrogenous
bases which make up the alphabet for the
genetic code. SO- the same sequence of DNA
(gene) codes for an enzyme, a protein or other
molecule no matter which organism that gene is
in. That is the basis for Gene technology
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Biotechnology

• There is currently much debate among scientists,
  politicians environmentalist about the safety
  quality of genetically modified products,
  especially foods.
• It is very likely that you have already eaten
  multiple products that were produced with
  biotechnology and/or DNA technology

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III. The Study of Biology

• A. The Scientific Method Steps
• 1. Observation
• 2. Hypothesis
• 3. Prediction
• 4. Experiment
• 5. Data Analysis/ Conclusions
• 6. Communication/ Verification
• B. Evaluating Bias- at times, scientists have
  conflicts of interest. A scientists goal should
  be finding facts, not support of government
  agency agenda or the desired results of a
  pharmaceutical company.

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Remember Experiment terms

• Control group provides a normal standard against
  which we compare results of the experimental
  group.
• Experimental group is identical to the control
  group except for one factor.
• Variables factors that change
• Theory -a set of related hypotheses confirmed to
  be true many times
• An advantage of the scientific method is that it
  is unbiased repeatable.

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IV. Tools Techniques

• A. Microscopes
• 1. Types of Microscopes
• Compound light microscope
• -shines light through a specimen
• (must have thin slice of object)
• -uses 2 lens to magnify image.
• Electron microscope
• -SEM (scanning electron microscope)
• -TEM (transmission electron microscope)
• 2. The parts of the Microscope- see hand out

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Compound microscopes
Used to magnify thin slices of specimens
www.slic2.wsu.edu
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Magnification with each lens

• TOTAL MAGNIFICATION
• low power magnification X eye piece
  magnification
• The eyepiece is 10X
• Low power is 4X
• Other lens may vary- usually
• - 10X
• - 40X

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Microscope Use

• Carry the microscope with 2 hands-
• By the arm one hand under the base
• Look through eyepiece keep both eyes open
• Place the slide that you want to view over the
  aperture and gently move the stage clips over top
  of the slide to hold it into place.
• ALWAYS begin use focus with the
• Microscope on LOW Power (4X) !!!!
• Make sure the stage is all the way down.!!!!!
• Always Begin focusing with the coarse adjustment

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Light Microscopes

• The eyepiece magnifies the image.
• The objective lens enlarges the specimen.
• The stage is a platform that supports slides with
  specimens.
• The light source is a light bulb that provides
  light for viewing images.

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Magnification Resolution

• Magnification is the increase of an objects
  apparent size.
• Resolution is the power to show details clearly
  in an image.

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Figure 1. Relative Size of Microbes. E.M. refers
to the Electron Microscope.
www.slic2.wsu.edu
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Object Size and Magnifying Power of Microscopes
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B. Other tools

• Centrifuge-spinning separation of materials in a
  liquid that have different densities
• Autoclave heating chamber to disinfect
• Chromatography -is any technique that separates
  different substances based on their chemical or
  physical properties
• Electrophoresis - is a technique for separating
  particles that have an electrical charge.
• Spectrophotometer -determines what a substance is
  by measuring the amount of each wavelength of
  light absorbed by the sample.
• Computers are one of the most important tools
  used in biology studies.

http//www.chs.k12.nf.ca/science/b2201/WebCT-Copy/
units/unit1-02.htm
91
Electron Microscopes

• Scanning electron microscopes pass a beam of
  electrons over the specimens surface for better
  viewing the external surface of a specimen.
• Transmission electron microscopes transmit a beam
  of electrons through a thinly sliced specimen for
  better viewing the internal structures of a
  specimen.

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C. Units of Measure

• SI Units
• Scientists use a single, standard system of
  measurement, called the metric system. The
  official name of the metric system is Système
  International dUnités or SI.

93
Questions

• Which of the following is the hereditary material
  in most living things?
• F. DNA
• G. lipids
• H. oxygen
• J. carbon dioxide

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Questions

• . Which of the following does evolution help
  explain?
• A. how organisms reproduce
• B. how organisms grow and develop
• C. how organisms are related to each other
• D. how organisms obtain and metabolize energy

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Questions

• Which of the following does the hierarchy of
  organization within an organism describe?
• A. metabolism
• B. homeostasis
• C. internal structures
• D. relationship to the physical environment

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Questions

• To which of the following does the resolution of
  a microscope refer?
• F. its ability to show detail clearly
• G. its power to scan the surface of an object
• H. its series of interchangeable objective
  lenses
• J. its power to increase an objects apparent
  size