Emotional and Social Development

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Emotional and Social Development

• Infants

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Emotional Development

• The process of learning to recognize and express
  ones feelings and to establish ones identity as
  a unique person.
• Healthy Emotional Development Self-Confidence,
  Stress Management, Empathy

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Social Development

• The process of learning to interact with others
  and to express oneself to others.
• Healthy Social Development Tolerance for
  Others, Good Communication, Good Listening Skills
• Emotional and social development begin at birth
  and continue throughout life.

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Many influences shape how a child develops in
these areas

1. Bond between parent and child (Attachment)
2. Emotional atmosphere of the home (Climate)
3. Temperament of the child (Attitude)

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Attachment

• Babies have a basic need for physical
  contactholding, cuddling, rocking, or even just
  being near another person.
• This contact builds a bond between a parent or
  caregiver and a child, a bond called attachment.
• Some famous research studies should how
  important that bond is.

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Attachment (continued)

• Studies
• Monkey Study
• Romanian Orphan Study
• Baylor University Study

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Attachment (continued)

• Monkey Study
• American experimental psychologist, Harry Harlow,
  made some monkey-shaped forms out of chicken-wire
  and some out of soft cloth. He then used these
  substitute mothers to raise baby monkeys. He
  found that the baby monkeys clung to the
  mothers made out of soft cloth even if the
  chicken-wire mothers held their feeding
  bottles. Clearly, the monkeys needed to feel
  physical closeness as well as receive a feeding.

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Attachment (continued)

• Monkey Study
• Once the babies were grown they didnt know how
  to relate to other monkeys. They did not develop
  normal social relationships. Harlow believed this
  was caused by lack of interaction between the
  babies and real mothers.

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Attachment (continued)

• Romanian Orphan Study
• In the 1990s, child care experts were alarmed at
  the children they found in government homes for
  orphaned and abandoned babies in Romania. They
  conditions in the country were desperate and the
  children had little personal care from adults. As
  a result, the physical and emotional development
  of these children was slower than normal.

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Attachment (continued)

• Baylor University Study
• Researchers studied abused and neglected
  children. Those who failed to receive love,
  touch, and opportunities for learning had brains
  20 to 30 smaller than average.
• This problem is most likely to develop when
  physical needs are met but babies receive no
  emotional or social care. This may happen in
  institutions, but it can happen in families as
  well. When infants get little attention and
  encouragement from caregivers, their cries
  weaken, their smiles fade, and they become
  withdrawn.

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Attachment (continued)

• Failure-to-thrive A condition in which the baby
  does not grow and develop properly. If these
  babies are not helped they become unattached.
  Even as adults they will be unable to develop
  caring, meaningful relationships with others.
• Fortunately, these children can be helped in most
  cases. The children in Romanian institutions
  improved when they went to live in loving and
  supportive homes. Caregivers can be given
  instructions and support so that they can help
  the baby recover and grow.

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Climate

• Long before they know the meanings of words,
  babies catch the tone of adults feelings.
  Worries or angry caregivers are likely to be
  tense in handling their baby. The baby senses
  these feedings and, in turn, becomes irritable
  and fussy.
• Every family has ups and downs, and a baby
  adapts to them. It is essential, however, for a
  baby to feel that affection and caring are the
  basis of the familys interactions. Bitterness
  and mistrust can hinder a babys healthy
  development.

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Climate (continued)

• Frustrations need to be talked over when family
  members are calm. They need to find ways they can
  help each other so they can help their baby. The
  challenge can be greater for single parents. With
  no other adults to share the workor their
  worrieswith, they may feel alone. Its important
  to find ways of releasing negative feelings away
  from the child. That way, they can have the
  patience and calmness to create a caring
  environment for their baby.

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Attitude

• Every baby copes with life in a very personal
  way. This is because each baby brings his or own
  individuality to a situation.
• Temperament is the style of reacting to the
  world and relating to others. Different
  temperaments are revealed in how children react
  to a situation.
• Researchers have found nine different ways of
  looking at temperament.

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Attitude (continued)

• Parents and other caregivers have personal
  temperaments, too. Problems can arise if the
  adults temperament conflicts with the childs.
  Understanding such differences can help prevent
  clashes. For instance, a parent who is low in
  energy has to be prepared to accept the activity
  level of a high energy child. If a high energy
  child becomes bothersome, a trip to the park or
  other opportunity for vigorous play might help.

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How Behavior is Learned

• Babies learn depending on the messages he or she
  receives from caregivers.
• Caregivers must provide more positive than
  negative attention.
• To help children understand what behavior is
  expected, parents must provide consistency.

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Emotions in Infancy

• SEE CHART

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Crying and Comforting

• Some babies dont cry often Some babies may cry
  often and very loudly.
• STEP 1
• See if there is a physical problem
• Diaper, Temperature, Burp, Sick
• If all clear move to step 2

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Crying and Comforting

• STEP 2
• Cuddle up with the baby in a rocking chair
• Move the baby to a new position
• Talk softly to the baby or sing to the baby
• Offer a toy to interest and distract the baby
• Rub the babys back to give comfort

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Crying and Comforting

• Babies also develop their own methods of
  self-comfort.
• Sucking a thumb or finger
• Sucking a hand or fist
• Pacifier
• Check and clean regularly.
• NEVER tie around a babys neck.
• Use a short pacifier ribbon
• Blanket or stuffed toy
• Rocking

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Colic

• Condition in which an otherwise healthy baby
  cries or screams frequently and for extended
  periods without any known reason.
• There is no accepted explanation for colic.
• Colic may be caused by trapped gas in the
  digestive tract.
• This theory is not yet proved or disproved.
• One step to try to prevent colic may be to
  eliminate foods that may cause it.
• Breastfeeding moms would cut back foods such as
  milk, cabbage, caffeine and onions which may
  cause the irritation.
• Formula fed infants would use a soy-based product
  instead of milk-based.

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Social Development

• In the first Year

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Social Development

• First days of life
• Baby responds to human voices
• Calm, soothing voice will quiet baby
• Loud, harsh voice will upset baby

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Social Development

• One month
• Most babies stop crying when lifted or touched
• Babys face brightens when he or she sees a
  familiar person
• Two month
• Babies can smiles at people
• Will watch people move around the room

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Social Development

• Three months
• Baby turn head in response to voice
• Want companionship as well as physical care
• Four months
• Baby laughs out loud
• Look to others for entertainment

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Social Development

• Five months
• Increased interested in family members other than
  parents
• May cry when left alone
• May babble to toys or themselves
• Six months
• Love companionship
• Love games like peek-a-boo

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Social Development

• Seven months
• Prefer parents over other family members or
  strangers
• Eight months
• Prefer to be in a room with other people
• May crawl from room to room looking for company

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Social Development

• Nine and ten months
• Socially active
• May creep after parents
• Love attention
• Enjoy games
• Throw it on the floor and you pick it up

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Social Development

• Eleven and twelve months
• Most friendly and happy
• Sensitive to others emotions
• Able to influence and adjust to emotions of
  others
• Centre of attention
• Tolerant of strangers

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Stranger Anxiety

• Fear of unfamiliar people
• Baby may sit cheerfully on someones lap but
  burst into tears when an unfamiliar person
  approaches.
• Usually expressed by crying
• Shows the babys memory is improving
• Remind new people to approach baby slowly and
  give baby time to adjust