Social, emotional and personality development in infancy

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Social, emotional and personality development in
infancy
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Emotional and Personality Development

• Emotional Development
• Emotion feeling that involves mixture of
  physiological arousal overt behavior
• Positive Affectivity range of positive emotions,
  from high energy, enthusiasm, excitement to
  being calm, quiet, withdrawn
• Negative Affectivity emotions that are negatively
  toned, such as anxiety, anger, guilt sadness
• Functionalism in Emotion new view of emotions
  proposing it is relational rather than
  intrapsychic, with a close link between emotion
  a persons goals effort

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Emotional and Personality Development

• Maximally Discriminative Facial Movement Coding
  System (MAX) system of coding infants facial
  expressions related to emotion by watching
  slow-motion stop-action videotapes of their
  facial reactions to stimuli
• Crying infants way of communicating
• basic cry is rhythmic pattern consisting of cry,
  brief silence, higher pitched cry, rest, then cry
• anger cry basic cry with more excess air forced
  through vocal cords
• pain cry sudden appearance of loud crying without
  preliminary moaning

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Stranger Anxiety
Stranger Anxiety infant shows a fear wariness
of strangers becomes more intense at age 9
months Separation Anxiety when caregiver leaves.
Peaks around 14 months Social Referencing
reading emotional cues in others to help
determine how to act in a particular situation
Separation Anxiety
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SmilingSmiling communicates babys
affective behaviorreflexive smile appears
during first month during irregular patterns of
sleepSocial smile occurs in response to an
external stimulus, typically in response to a
face
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Temperament

• Range of emotional responses displayed by infant,
  from cheerful happy to crying irritable
• Easy Child generally one in positive mood,
  quickly establishes regular routines adapts to
  new experiences
• Difficult Child tends to react negatively who
  cries frequently, engaging in irregular daily
  routines is slow to accept new experiences
• Slow-To-Warm Child has a low activity level, is
  somewhat negative, shows low adaptability

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Personality Development

• Trust Eriksons concept of childs ability to
  identify with care-giver(s) through a sense of
  security, unresolved trust versus mistrust crisis
  can lead to later conflicts even when earlier
  ones have been resolved
• Self - Psychologists generally believe that
  infant constructs a sense of self through
  development of its independence establishes
  individuation

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AttachmentWhat Is Attachment?

• Attachment
• is a close emotional bond
• between infant caregiver

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Chess Thomass Temperament
Temperament Dimension Description
Rhythmicity Regularity of eating, sleeping, toileting
Activity Level Degree of energy of movement
Approach-Withdrawal Ease of approaching people situations
Adaptability Ease of tolerating change in routine plan
Sensory Threshold Amount of stimulation for responding
Predominant Quality of mood Amount of stimulation for responding
Intensity mood expression Degree of affect when pleased, displeased, happy, etc
Distractibility Ease of being distracted or inattentive
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Individual Differences

• Mary Ainsworths work contributes greatly to
  working definitions of attachment theories
• Secure Attachment Ainsworth believes that infants
  use main caregiver, usually mother, as a secure
  base from which to explore world in first year of
  life, which provides an important foundation for
  psychological development later in life. (65-70)

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Mary Ainsworth

• Insecure-avoidant type paid little attention to
  mother when she was in room, separated easily
  from mother. Showed little distress when she
  left and ignored her upon return. (20)
• Insecure-ambivalent type clung to mother and
  were reluctant to explore environment. High
  level of distress when mom left and still showed
  distress upon her return. (10 percent)
• Later studies by others revealed a 4th
  pattern-disorganized/disoriented attachment in
  which the infant appears confused and were unable
  to approach the mother directly for supported
• even when distressed

Strange Situation
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Ainsworths Types of Attachment

• Type B Babies secure use caregiver as secure
  base from which to explore environment
• Type A Babies avoidant exhibit insecurity by
  avoiding mother
• Type C Babies ambivalent-resistant exhibit
  insecurity by resisting mother through fighting
  kicking while clinging on
• Type D Babies disorganized disoriented, show
  confusion fear

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Ainsworths Types of Attachment

• Caregiving Styles Attachment Classification
• Parents who actively participate in childs daily
  life provide stimulus in environment will be
  more likely to rear Type B baby
• Parents who tend to be unavailable avoidant are
  more likely to rear Type A, C or D babies.

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Ainsworths Types of Attachment

• Measure of Attachment
• Using a technique know as strange situation,
  researchers have been able to observe reactions
  of infants through a series of introductions,
  separations, reunions with caregiver adult
  stranger
• Critics of this technique argue that it is too
  controlled skews results

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Attachment, Temperament, and the Wider Social
World

• Many psychologists, Jerome Kagan, for example,
  believe that genetic temperament
  characteristics play more important roles in a
  childs social competence than attachment bond at
  infancy
• Would a child with a low tolerance for stress not
  be able to form secure attachment due to its
  biological inheritance or a flawed attachment
  bond in infancy?

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Attachment

• Mutual Regulation Model

• Where parents imitate infants behaviors and
  facial gestures
• Parent and infant engage in behaviors that are
  turn taking and give infant a sense of the world

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Attachment, Temperament, and the Wider Social
World Reciprocal Socialization

• bi-directional as children tend to socialize
  parents as parents are socializing children
  parents continue grow emotionally as they rear
  children
• Scaffolding takes place when parental behavior
  supports childrens efforts, allowing them to be
  more skillful than they would be if they were to
  rely only their own abilities
• Family As A System view family as series of
  subsystems in terms of role, gender generation.
  One cannot separate spousal relationships from
  those established with child

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Attachment, Temperament, and the Wider Social
World Social Context

• Family as almost all children spend initial years
  of life with their families, it is important to
  study structure of family its impact on
  emotional growth
• Transition To Parenthood introduction of a child
  into a couples world can be disruptive. Research
  has shown that couples enjoyed a more positive
  marital relationship before birth of a baby than
  after

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Child Abuse

• Experts agree that it is wrong to oversimplify
  child abuse by ignoring fact it is only partially
  caused by individual personality characteristics
• Abuse is a diverse condition embedded within
  social fabric of our society
• Culture and family influences have great effects
  on nature severity of child abuse

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Day Care

• Where to leave children during day while parents
  are working has always been a sensitive and
  difficult decision
• But in modern society is has become a monumental
  problem, as gender egalitarianism has provided a
  dilemma for family where both parents have careers

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What Is High-Quality Day Care?

• Most agree that quality day care is often
  elusive, experts have found that it is
  generally inadequate has a negative
  developmental impact on child
• Some aspects of high-quality day care are
• infant-teacher ratio of 3 to 1
• presence of a pediatrician
• non-teaching director
• teachers aides

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