Title: THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES
1(No Transcript)
2- THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES
- ON ABNORMALITY
- COGNITIVE-BEHAVIOURAL AND EXISTENTIAL-HUMANISTIC
- LECTURE OUTLINE
- Behavioural theories
- Cognitive theories
- Cognitive-behavioural theories
- Existential-humanistic theories
3BEHAVIOURAL THEORIES Classical conditioning
(Pavlov) US UR CS CR Operant
conditioning (Skinner) SD behaviour
Reinforcer
4- BEHAVIOURAL THEORIES
- Operant conditioning
- Reinforcement leads to an increase in the
behaviour preceding the reinforcer - positive
- negative
- Punishment
- positive
- negative
5- BEHAVIOURAL THEORIES
- Classical conditioning can play a role in a
variety of anxiety disorders - Operant conditioning can play a role in
numerous disorders - Two-factor theory (Mowrer) both classical and
operant interact to maintain anxiety problems - Modeling (Bandura) can learn maladaptive or
adaptive behaviours via observational learning
6- BEHAVIOURAL THEORIES
- Basic assumption of behavioural theories is that
maladaptive behaviours are learned and can be
unlearned, and that new, more adaptive behaviours
can be learned - Has been applied to a wide range of disorders
and problems
7- BEHAVIOURAL THEORIES
- Treatments based on classical conditioning
- systematic desensitization - Wolpe
- aversive conditioning
- exposure, flooding
8- BEHAVIOURAL THEORIES
- Treatments based on operant conditioning
- behaviour shaping, coaching (teaching a new
behaviour) - token economy, contingency contracting, and
other methods of positive reinforcement (used to
strengthen adaptive behaviours) - extinction and punishment (used to weaken
maladaptive behaviours) - stimulus control used to cue adaptive
behaviours
9- COGNITIVE THEORIES
- Basic assumption of cognitive theories is that
maladaptive behaviour results from irrational or
distorted ways of thinking emphasis is on
internal thought processes - Like psychodynamic theories, cognitive theories
have been employed mostly with people with
anxiety and mood disorders - Like behavioural theories, there is a strong
research emphasis in cognitive theories
10- COGNITIVE THEORIES
- Albert Ellis psychological problems stem from
irrational and catastrophic thinking - Examples of irrational beliefs
- I must be loved and approved of all the time
- Things must always go right
- I must be competent at everything
- Life should always treat me fairly
- Rational-Emotive Therapy (RET) therapist
challenges clients irrational belief
11COGNITIVE THEORIES Aaron Beck psychological
problems stem from distorted thinking based on
underlying cognitive schemata Cognitive schemata
ways of viewing self, world, past,
future Cognitive therapy - therapist challenges
clients distorted thinking through a process of
checking beliefs against reality
evidence-gathering approach
12- COGNITIVE-BEHAVIOURAL THEORIES
- Over the past 20 years, the cognitive and
behavioural theories have become more
inter-connected, emphasizing both behaviour and
thinking - Bandura social learning theory
- self-control
- self-efficacy
- Cognitive-behavioural therapy is becoming the
dominant paradigm in clinical psychology
13- AND COGNITIVE- BEHAVIOURAL TREATMENTS
-
- Problem-solving training DZurilla Goldfried
- Self-instructional training - Meichenbaum
- Cognitive-behavioural therapy is becoming the
dominant paradigm in clinical psychology
14- SUMMARY OF BEHAVIOURAL AND COGNITIVE THEORIES AND
TREATMENTS -
- emphasis on behaviour and cognitive processes
- more active, directive therapeutic approach than
most psychodynamic approaches - more research-oriented and results-oriented
approach than most psychodynamic approaches
15- EXISTENTIAL-HUMANISTIC THEORIES
- Roots German and French phenomenology, focus
on experiencing and emotion - Third force as an alternative to psychodynamic
and behavioural theories - With the exception of Rogers, not as rooted in
research as behavioural and cognitive theories
16- EXISTENTIAL-HUMANISTIC THEORIES
- Core concepts
- Freedom
- Phenomenology
- Self-actualization
- Being and authenticity
- Holism
- Willing and wishing Rollo May
17EXISTENTIAL-HUMANISTIC THEORIES Carl Rogers
Theory of Psychopathology Lack of unconditional
positive regard Lack of unconditional positive
self-regard (low self-esteem) Incongruence
between self and experience Anxiety,
defensiveness, distortion
18EXISTENTIAL-HUMANISTIC THEORIES Carl Rogers
Theory of Client-centered Therapy Therapist
provides unconditional positive
regard Unconditional positive self-regard
(self-acceptance or high self-esteem) Congruence
between self and experience Authenticity,
openness, psychological health
19- EXISTENTIAL-HUMANISTIC THEORIES
- Core qualities of therapist for client-centered
therapy - Empathy
- Warmth (unconditional positive regard)
- Genuineness - authenticity
20- EXISTENTIAL-HUMANISTIC THEORIES
- Core qualities of therapist for client-centered
therapy - quite a bit of research attesting to the
importance of these therapist variables - widespread application of these skills in
psychology and counseling training programs
active listening skills - some would argue that these skills are important
for all types of therapy (compare with
psychodynamic notion of working alliance)
21- EXISTENTIAL-HUMANISTIC THEORIES
- Other important existential-humanistic theorists
and therapists - Maslow self-actualization and need hierarchy
- Jourard importance of self-disclosure for
psychological health and for therapy - existential Rollo May, Viktor Frankl
logotherapy - Fritz Perls Gestalt therapy emphasis on
experience/emotion, empty chair technique
22- SUMMARY OF EXISTENTIAL-HUMANISTIC THEORIES AND
TREATMENTS - emphasis on experience and emotion
- emphasis on non-directive approaches to therapy
- less research-oriented than behavioural and
cognitive approaches