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THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES

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Title: THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES


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  • THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES
  • ON ABNORMALITY
  • COGNITIVE-BEHAVIOURAL AND EXISTENTIAL-HUMANISTIC
  • LECTURE OUTLINE
  • Behavioural theories
  • Cognitive theories
  • Cognitive-behavioural theories
  • Existential-humanistic theories

3
BEHAVIOURAL THEORIES Classical conditioning
(Pavlov) US UR CS CR Operant
conditioning (Skinner) SD behaviour
Reinforcer
4
  • BEHAVIOURAL THEORIES
  • Operant conditioning
  • Reinforcement leads to an increase in the
    behaviour preceding the reinforcer
  • positive
  • negative
  • Punishment
  • positive
  • negative

5
  • BEHAVIOURAL THEORIES
  • Classical conditioning can play a role in a
    variety of anxiety disorders
  • Operant conditioning can play a role in
    numerous disorders
  • Two-factor theory (Mowrer) both classical and
    operant interact to maintain anxiety problems
  • Modeling (Bandura) can learn maladaptive or
    adaptive behaviours via observational learning

6
  • BEHAVIOURAL THEORIES
  • Basic assumption of behavioural theories is that
    maladaptive behaviours are learned and can be
    unlearned, and that new, more adaptive behaviours
    can be learned
  • Has been applied to a wide range of disorders
    and problems

7
  • BEHAVIOURAL THEORIES
  • Treatments based on classical conditioning
  • systematic desensitization - Wolpe
  • aversive conditioning
  • exposure, flooding

8
  • BEHAVIOURAL THEORIES
  • Treatments based on operant conditioning
  • behaviour shaping, coaching (teaching a new
    behaviour)
  • token economy, contingency contracting, and
    other methods of positive reinforcement (used to
    strengthen adaptive behaviours)
  • extinction and punishment (used to weaken
    maladaptive behaviours)
  • stimulus control used to cue adaptive
    behaviours

9
  • COGNITIVE THEORIES
  • Basic assumption of cognitive theories is that
    maladaptive behaviour results from irrational or
    distorted ways of thinking emphasis is on
    internal thought processes
  • Like psychodynamic theories, cognitive theories
    have been employed mostly with people with
    anxiety and mood disorders
  • Like behavioural theories, there is a strong
    research emphasis in cognitive theories

10
  • COGNITIVE THEORIES
  • Albert Ellis psychological problems stem from
    irrational and catastrophic thinking
  • Examples of irrational beliefs
  • I must be loved and approved of all the time
  • Things must always go right
  • I must be competent at everything
  • Life should always treat me fairly
  • Rational-Emotive Therapy (RET) therapist
    challenges clients irrational belief

11
COGNITIVE THEORIES Aaron Beck psychological
problems stem from distorted thinking based on
underlying cognitive schemata Cognitive schemata
ways of viewing self, world, past,
future Cognitive therapy - therapist challenges
clients distorted thinking through a process of
checking beliefs against reality
evidence-gathering approach
12
  • COGNITIVE-BEHAVIOURAL THEORIES
  • Over the past 20 years, the cognitive and
    behavioural theories have become more
    inter-connected, emphasizing both behaviour and
    thinking
  • Bandura social learning theory
  • self-control
  • self-efficacy
  • Cognitive-behavioural therapy is becoming the
    dominant paradigm in clinical psychology

13
  • AND COGNITIVE- BEHAVIOURAL TREATMENTS
  • Problem-solving training DZurilla Goldfried
  • Self-instructional training - Meichenbaum
  • Cognitive-behavioural therapy is becoming the
    dominant paradigm in clinical psychology

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  • SUMMARY OF BEHAVIOURAL AND COGNITIVE THEORIES AND
    TREATMENTS
  • emphasis on behaviour and cognitive processes
  • more active, directive therapeutic approach than
    most psychodynamic approaches
  • more research-oriented and results-oriented
    approach than most psychodynamic approaches

15
  • EXISTENTIAL-HUMANISTIC THEORIES
  • Roots German and French phenomenology, focus
    on experiencing and emotion
  • Third force as an alternative to psychodynamic
    and behavioural theories
  • With the exception of Rogers, not as rooted in
    research as behavioural and cognitive theories

16
  • EXISTENTIAL-HUMANISTIC THEORIES
  • Core concepts
  • Freedom
  • Phenomenology
  • Self-actualization
  • Being and authenticity
  • Holism
  • Willing and wishing Rollo May

17
EXISTENTIAL-HUMANISTIC THEORIES Carl Rogers
Theory of Psychopathology Lack of unconditional
positive regard Lack of unconditional positive
self-regard (low self-esteem) Incongruence
between self and experience Anxiety,
defensiveness, distortion
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EXISTENTIAL-HUMANISTIC THEORIES Carl Rogers
Theory of Client-centered Therapy Therapist
provides unconditional positive
regard Unconditional positive self-regard
(self-acceptance or high self-esteem) Congruence
between self and experience Authenticity,
openness, psychological health
19
  • EXISTENTIAL-HUMANISTIC THEORIES
  • Core qualities of therapist for client-centered
    therapy
  • Empathy
  • Warmth (unconditional positive regard)
  • Genuineness - authenticity

20
  • EXISTENTIAL-HUMANISTIC THEORIES
  • Core qualities of therapist for client-centered
    therapy
  • quite a bit of research attesting to the
    importance of these therapist variables
  • widespread application of these skills in
    psychology and counseling training programs
    active listening skills
  • some would argue that these skills are important
    for all types of therapy (compare with
    psychodynamic notion of working alliance)

21
  • EXISTENTIAL-HUMANISTIC THEORIES
  • Other important existential-humanistic theorists
    and therapists
  • Maslow self-actualization and need hierarchy
  • Jourard importance of self-disclosure for
    psychological health and for therapy
  • existential Rollo May, Viktor Frankl
    logotherapy
  • Fritz Perls Gestalt therapy emphasis on
    experience/emotion, empty chair technique

22
  • SUMMARY OF EXISTENTIAL-HUMANISTIC THEORIES AND
    TREATMENTS
  • emphasis on experience and emotion
  • emphasis on non-directive approaches to therapy
  • less research-oriented than behavioural and
    cognitive approaches
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