Title: Theoretical Perspectives
1Theoretical Perspectives
2Theoretical Perspectives
Psychodynamic model
Humanistic Perspective
Sociocultural Perspective
Behavioral and Cognitive Perspective
Biological Perspective
3The Psychodynamic Model
Three Levels of Consciousness
4The Psychodynamic Model
Freuds Levels of Consciousness
Psychoanalysis
5The Psychodynamic Model
follows the pleasure principle
Life instincts
Death instincts
Libido
6The Psychodynamic Model
follows the reality principle
7The Psychodynamic Model
The Defense Mechanisms
the ejection of
anxiety-evoking ideas from awareness
1. Repression -
8The Defense Mechanisms
2. Denial -
Refusal to accept the true nature of a threat
9The Defense Mechanisms
- Gratifying frustrated desires by
imaginary achievements
reality
imagination
10The Defense Mechanisms
4. Projection -
The thrusting of ones
own unacceptable impulses onto others so that
others are assumed to harbor them
11The Defense Mechanisms
5. Rationalization -
the use of
self-deceiving justifications for unacceptable
behavior
12The Defense Mechanisms
6. Reaction formation -
Assumption of behavior in opposition to ones
genuine impulses in order to keep impulses
repressed
13The Defense Mechanisms
7. Displacement -
The transfer of
ideas and impulses from threatening or unsuitable
objects to less threatening objects
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14The Defense Mechanisms
8. Intellectualization (isolation) -
analyze threatening issues in an emotionally
detached way
15The Defense Mechanisms
- Person tries to make up
for unacceptable desires or acts, frequently
through ritualistic behavior
16The Defense Mechanisms
10. Regression -
the return, under stress, to a form of behavior
characteristic of an earlier stage of development
17The Defense Mechanisms
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Masking perceived weaknesses by developing
positive traits to make up for limitations
18The Defense Mechanisms
12. Sublimation -
The channeling of
socially unacceptable impulses into positive,
constructive efforts
19The Defense Mechanisms
13. Identification
The tendency to base ones identity and actions
on individuals who are successful in gaining
satisfaction from life
20The Psychodynamic Model
follows the moral principle
conscience
ego ideal
21Stages of Psychosexual Development
The oral stage
oral receptive
oral aggressive
22Stages of Psychosexual Development
The anal stage
anal-retentive
anal-expulsive
23Stages of Psychosexual Development
The phallic stage
Oedipus complex
castration anxiety
Electra complex
penis envy
24Stages of Psychosexual Development
The latency stage
The genital stage
Incest taboo
25The Psychodynamic Model
- Other Psychodynamic Explanations
Carl Jung
Alfred Adler
Karen Horney
Self theorists
Ego theorists
Object relations theorists
26The Psychodynamic Model
Free Association
Therapist Interpretation
resistance
transference
dreams
27The Psychodynamic Model
Psychodynamic Therapies
Day Residue
Stimulus Incorporation
28The Psychodynamic Model
Dream Interpretation
Manifest content
Latent content
29The Psychodynamic Model
Psychodynamic Therapies
Catharsis
Working Through
30Humanistic Perspective
Abraham Maslow
Carl Rogers
frames of reference
self-esteem
unconditional positive regard
conditional positive regard
conditions of worth
client-centered therapy
31The Sociocultural Model
- Sociocultural Explanations
Societal labels and roles
Social networks and supports
Family Perspective
Intergenerational Family systems theory
enmeshed structure
disengagement
Strategic Experiential
32The Sociocultural Model
Sociocultural Explanations
Culture
Societal conditions
Religion and Spirituality
33The Sociocultural Model
Family Therapy
structural family therapy
conjoint family therapy
Group Therapy
self-help group
Multicultural Approach
gender-sensitive or feminist therapy
34The Sociocultural Model
Milieu Therapy
Couple Therapy or Marital Therapy
35The Behavioral Model
Classical Conditioning
36The Behavioral Model
Classical Conditioning
- The unconditioned stimulus (UCS) is the
- unlearned stimulus that elicits a response
from an organism prior to conditioning
- The unconditioned response (UCR) is an
unlearned response to an unconditioned stimulus
37The Behavioral Model
Classical Conditioning
- The conditioned stimulus (CS) is a previously
neutral stimulus that elicits a conditioned
response because it has been repeatedly paired
with a stimulus that already elicited that
response
- The conditioned response (CR) is a response
similar to the unconditioned response but
is elicited by the conditioned stimulus
38The Behavioral Model
Classical Conditioning Paradigm
CS
(bell)
CR
(salivation)
UCS
UCR
(meat powder)
39The Behavioral Model
Watson and Raynor Study
40Film
41The Behavioral Model
Operant conditioning
42The Behavioral Model
Positive Reinforcement
Increases the frequency of a response
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43Primary and Secondary Reinforcement
44The Behavioral Model
Extinction
Social Learning Modeling
Vicarious reinforcement
Vicarious punishment
45The Behavioral Model
Negative Reinforcement
Increases the probability that a response will
occur when the painful stimulus is removed
Ouch!
46Cognitive Based Theory
Cognitive Explanations
Illogical thinking processes
47Behavioral/Cognitive Therapies
Behavioral Therapies
Systematic desensitization
Fear hierarchy
48Behavioral/Cognitive Therapies
Behavioral Therapies
Contingency Management Techniques
Behavior Modification Token Economies
49Behavioral/Cognitive Therapies
Cognitive Therapies
Cognitive Restructuring Panic Control Therapy
(PCT) Acceptance Commitment Therapy (ACT)
Self-efficacy
50The Biological Model
Hindbrain
Medulla
Pons
Cerebellum
51The Biological Model
Forebrain
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
52The Biological Model
Hippocampus
Limbic System
Septal area
Amygdala
53The Biological Model
The Cerebral Cortex
fissures
54The Biological Model
Parts of a Neuron
Synaptic knobs
Cell body
Axon Terminals
Cytoplasm
Nodes of Ranvier
Myelin Sheath
55The Biological Model
Parts of a Neuron
56The Biological Model
Synaptic Transmission
A neuron relays its message to another neuron
across a junction called a synapse.
A synapse consists of an axon terminal from the
transmitting neuron, a dendrite or soma of a
receiving neuron, and a fluid-filled gap between
the two called a synaptic gap.
57The Biological Model
Synaptic Transmission
In axon terminals there are sacs or synaptic
vesicles that contain chemicals called
neurotransmitters.
The neurotransmitter floats across the gap and
fits into a specific location on a dendrite
called a receptor site.
58The Biological Model
The Endocrine System
59The Biological Model
The Endocrine System
Pituitary Gland
60The Biological Model
The Endocrine System
Adrenal Glands
61The Biological Model
The Endocrine System
Pancreas
62The Biological Model
The Endocrine System
Gonads
Testes
Ovaries
63The Biological Model
The Endocrine System
Thyroid Gland
64The Biological Model
The Endocrine System
Pineal Gland
65The Biological Model
Chromosomes
Genes
Evolution
Mutation
Viral Infections
66The Biological Model
Psychotropic medications
Antianxiety drugs
Antidepressant drugs
Antibipolar drugs
Antipsychotic drugs
67The Biological Model
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
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70The Biological Model
Psychosurgery
71Biopsychosocial Perspectives
Biopsychosocial Theories Diathesis-stress view
72The End