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Theoretical Perspectives

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Title: Theoretical Perspectives

1
Theoretical Perspectives

2
Theoretical Perspectives
Psychodynamic model
Humanistic Perspective
Sociocultural Perspective
Behavioral and Cognitive Perspective
Biological Perspective
3
The Psychodynamic Model

Freuds Theory

Three Levels of Consciousness

Conscious

Preconscious

Unconscious

4
The Psychodynamic Model
Freuds Levels of Consciousness
Psychoanalysis
5
The Psychodynamic Model

Freuds Theory

follows the pleasure principle
Life instincts
Death instincts
Libido
6
The Psychodynamic Model

Freuds Theory

follows the reality principle
7
The Psychodynamic Model

Freuds Theory

The Defense Mechanisms
the ejection of
anxiety-evoking ideas from awareness
1. Repression -

8
The Defense Mechanisms
2. Denial -
Refusal to accept the true nature of a threat

9
The Defense Mechanisms

3. Fantasy

- Gratifying frustrated desires by
imaginary achievements
reality
imagination

10
The Defense Mechanisms
4. Projection -
The thrusting of ones
own unacceptable impulses onto others so that
others are assumed to harbor them

11
The Defense Mechanisms
5. Rationalization -
the use of
self-deceiving justifications for unacceptable
behavior

12
The Defense Mechanisms
6. Reaction formation -
Assumption of behavior in opposition to ones
genuine impulses in order to keep impulses
repressed

13
The Defense Mechanisms
7. Displacement -
The transfer of
ideas and impulses from threatening or unsuitable
objects to less threatening objects
gtgtgtgtgtgt

gtgtgtgtgtgt

ltltltltlt
ltltltltltlt

14
The Defense Mechanisms
8. Intellectualization (isolation) -
analyze threatening issues in an emotionally
detached way

15
The Defense Mechanisms

9. Undoing

- Person tries to make up
for unacceptable desires or acts, frequently
through ritualistic behavior

16
The Defense Mechanisms
10. Regression -
the return, under stress, to a form of behavior
characteristic of an earlier stage of development

17
The Defense Mechanisms

11. Overcompensation

-
Masking perceived weaknesses by developing
positive traits to make up for limitations
18
The Defense Mechanisms

12. Sublimation -
The channeling of
socially unacceptable impulses into positive,
constructive efforts

19
The Defense Mechanisms
13. Identification
The tendency to base ones identity and actions
on individuals who are successful in gaining
satisfaction from life

20
The Psychodynamic Model

Freuds Theory

Superego

follows the moral principle
conscience
ego ideal
21
Stages of Psychosexual Development
The oral stage
oral receptive

oral aggressive

22
Stages of Psychosexual Development
The anal stage
anal-retentive

anal-expulsive
23
Stages of Psychosexual Development
The phallic stage
Oedipus complex
castration anxiety

Electra complex
penis envy

24
Stages of Psychosexual Development
The latency stage

The genital stage
Incest taboo

25
The Psychodynamic Model

Other Psychodynamic Explanations

Carl Jung
Alfred Adler
Karen Horney
Self theorists
Ego theorists
Object relations theorists
26
The Psychodynamic Model

Psychodynamic Therapies

Free Association
Therapist Interpretation
resistance
transference
dreams
27
The Psychodynamic Model
Psychodynamic Therapies

The Meaning of Dreams

Day Residue
Stimulus Incorporation
28
The Psychodynamic Model
Dream Interpretation
Manifest content
Latent content
29
The Psychodynamic Model
Psychodynamic Therapies
Catharsis
Working Through
30
Humanistic Perspective

Humanism

Abraham Maslow
Carl Rogers
frames of reference
self-esteem
unconditional positive regard
conditional positive regard
conditions of worth
client-centered therapy
31
The Sociocultural Model

Sociocultural Explanations

Societal labels and roles
Social networks and supports
Family Perspective
Intergenerational Family systems theory
enmeshed structure
disengagement
Strategic Experiential
32
The Sociocultural Model
Sociocultural Explanations
Culture
Societal conditions
Religion and Spirituality
33
The Sociocultural Model

Sociocultural Therapies

Family Therapy
structural family therapy
conjoint family therapy
Group Therapy
self-help group
Multicultural Approach
gender-sensitive or feminist therapy
34
The Sociocultural Model

Sociocultural Therapies

Milieu Therapy
Couple Therapy or Marital Therapy
35
The Behavioral Model
Classical Conditioning
36
The Behavioral Model
Classical Conditioning

The unconditioned stimulus (UCS) is the
unlearned stimulus that elicits a response
from an organism prior to conditioning

The unconditioned response (UCR) is an
unlearned response to an unconditioned stimulus

37
The Behavioral Model
Classical Conditioning

The conditioned stimulus (CS) is a previously
neutral stimulus that elicits a conditioned
response because it has been repeatedly paired
with a stimulus that already elicited that
response

The conditioned response (CR) is a response
similar to the unconditioned response but
is elicited by the conditioned stimulus

38
The Behavioral Model
Classical Conditioning Paradigm
CS
(bell)
CR
(salivation)
UCS
UCR
(meat powder)
39
The Behavioral Model
Watson and Raynor Study
40
Film
41
The Behavioral Model
Operant conditioning
42
The Behavioral Model
Positive Reinforcement
Increases the frequency of a response
m m
m m
m
m m
m m
m m
m m
m m
m
m m
43
Primary and Secondary Reinforcement

Secondary reinforcer

Primary reinforcer

44
The Behavioral Model
Extinction
Social Learning Modeling
Vicarious reinforcement
Vicarious punishment
45
The Behavioral Model
Negative Reinforcement
Increases the probability that a response will
occur when the painful stimulus is removed
Ouch!
46
Cognitive Based Theory
Cognitive Explanations
Illogical thinking processes
47
Behavioral/Cognitive Therapies
Behavioral Therapies
Systematic desensitization
Fear hierarchy
48
Behavioral/Cognitive Therapies
Behavioral Therapies
Contingency Management Techniques
Behavior Modification Token Economies
49
Behavioral/Cognitive Therapies
Cognitive Therapies
Cognitive Restructuring Panic Control Therapy
(PCT) Acceptance Commitment Therapy (ACT)
Self-efficacy
50
The Biological Model

Biological Explanations

Hindbrain
Medulla
Pons
Cerebellum
51
The Biological Model

Biological Explanations

Forebrain
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
52
The Biological Model

Biological Explanations

Hippocampus
Limbic System
Septal area
Amygdala
53
The Biological Model

Biological Explanations

The Cerebral Cortex
fissures
54
The Biological Model

Biological Explanations

Parts of a Neuron
Synaptic knobs
Cell body
Axon Terminals
Cytoplasm
Nodes of Ranvier
Myelin Sheath
55
The Biological Model

Biological Explanations

Parts of a Neuron
56
The Biological Model

Biological Explanations

Synaptic Transmission
A neuron relays its message to another neuron
across a junction called a synapse.
A synapse consists of an axon terminal from the
transmitting neuron, a dendrite or soma of a
receiving neuron, and a fluid-filled gap between
the two called a synaptic gap.
57
The Biological Model

Biological Explanations

Synaptic Transmission
In axon terminals there are sacs or synaptic
vesicles that contain chemicals called
neurotransmitters.
The neurotransmitter floats across the gap and
fits into a specific location on a dendrite
called a receptor site.
58
The Biological Model