Biomolecules (Macromolecues)

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Biomolecules(Macromolecues)

• Carbohydrates and Lipids

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Organic Molecules

• All contain at least one carbon atom.
• Carbon forms 4 covalent bonds
• Means it has 4 electrons it can share
• Likes to bond with hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N),
  oxygen (O), and other carbons.
• Remember how we obtain carbon from carbon cycle.

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Organic Molecules

• We will study 4 biomolecules
• a. carbohydrates (sugars)
• b. lipids (fats)
• c. protein
• d. nucleic acids

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Making Molecules

• Monomer single units that make up larger
  polymers like links in a chain!
• Polymer made by linking together many monomers.
  The CHAIN itself!

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Linking and Unlinking Monomers

• Two basic reactions
• 1) Dehydration synthesis
• Dehydration water lost
• Synthesis - build
• removing a water molecule to build a polymer!!

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Linking and Unlinking Monomers

• 2) Hydrolysis
• Hydro water
• Lysis break apart
• Using water to break apart polymers!
• DIGESTION!!!!!!!!

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Here they are again!

• We will study 4 biomolecules
• a. carbohydrates (sugars)
• b. lipids (fats)
• c. protein
• d. nucleic acids

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ORGANIC MOLECULESMade of C and H
CLASSES Biological Role
1. Carbohydrate(CH2O) Structure energy
2. Fats lipids (CHO) Structure energy
Phospholipids (CHO-P) Membrane structures
Steroids/sterols Membrane structures hormones
3. Proteins (CHO-NPS) Structure/enzymes
4. Nucleic Acids (DNA RNA) Information Genetics
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Carbohydrates (CHO)

• Carbo from Carbon (C)
• Hydrate from water (H2O)
• a. Monosaccharides Building blocks simple
  sugars (monomers). These are building blocks for
  more complexed carbohydrates.
• Ex glucose (sugar), galactose (dairy), fructose
  (fruit)
• b. Disaccharides are made of two
  monosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose)
• c. Polysaccharides 100s to 1000s of
  monosaccharides.
• Ex. Starch, glycogen, chitin, and cellulose.

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Ex Starch

• Starch Used for long-term energy storage in
  plants.
• EX Potatoes
• Animals digest (break down)
• starch to obtain glucose!(energy)

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Ex Glycogen

• Glycogen Used for energy storage in animals.
  Similar to starch, but has more side branches.
• Animals digest (break down) glycogen to obtain
  glucose!

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Ex Cellulose

• Primary structural molecule
• in plants!
• CELL WALLS!!!!!
• Animals cannot break it down
• this is fiber
• in your diet!

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Ex Chitin

• Composes the exoskeleton of arthropods
  (insects,
  lobsters, crabs,
  etc.)
• Hard and protective

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2) Lipids

• Fats, Oils, Waxes, some Steriods. Also called
  triglycerides
• FUNCTIONS Store energy form cell membranes
  cell structures chemical messengers insulation
  behavior
• General formula (CH2)n
• They are hydrophobic
• (repel water) waxy
• Fats are polymers of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids
  and formed by dehydration synthesis.

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Saturated Fats

• Contain no double bonds between carbons!
• Carbons are saturated with hydrogen.
• SOLID at room temperature!
• Ex Butter, lard,
• shortening, bacon

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Unsaturated Fats!

• Have double bonds between carbons!
• Liquid at room temperature!
• Ex Oils

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Saturated, Monounsaturated and Polyunsaturated
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Saturated or Unsaturated?
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The Wonders of Butter!!!
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Lipid Polymers

• Phospholipids
• Waxes
• Steroids

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Phospholipids

• Major component of cell membranes.
• Nerve function
• Form a phospholipid bilayer membrane.

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Types of Lipids

• Waxes form hydrophobic coating to repel water
  or reduce water loss

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Types of Lipids

• Steriods lipids bent into rings.
• EX Cholesterol

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More lipids

• Hormone
• Progesterone Testosterone
• Vitamin D

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Lecture 1

• The End!