Introduction, Review of Biomolecules

1
Introduction, Review of Biomolecules

• Lecture 1, Medical Biochemistry

2
Lecture 1 Outline

• Review some basic chemical nomenclature and
  concepts
• Review the structural and functional features of
  different biomolecules
• Discuss the human genome project and the future
  of molecular medicine

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Common Functional Groups
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Common Condensation Reactions
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Common Enzymatic Conversions
Oxidation-Reduction
Phosphorylation
Phosphatase
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Terms/Concepts to Review

• Hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity
• Aromatic and aliphatic
• Ionic, or electrostatic, interactions
• Hydrogen bonds
• van der Waals interactions
• Covalent bonds

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Major Causes of Disease (from Table 1.1 in text)

• Physical Agents mechanical trauma, temperature
  extremes, radiation, electric shock
• Chemical Agents toxic compounds, drugs
• Biologic Agents viruses, bacteria, fungi,
  parasites, biochemistry professors
• Genetic Disease
• Oxygen Lack loss of blood, decreased
  oxygen-carrying capacity of blood, mitochondrial
  poisoning

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Disease Causes (cont.)

• Immunologic Reactions anaphylaxis, autoimmune
  disorders
• Nutritional Imbalances deficiencies, excesses
• Endocrine Imbalances hormonal deficiencies/excess
  es

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Two-Way Street Medicine and Biochemistry
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Sugars/Carbohydrates
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Membrane Lipids
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Sterols
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Fatty Acids Saturated and Unsaturated
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Which Compound Would be Found in a Membrane?
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Nucleic Acids Components of RNA and DNA
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DNA double helix
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Adenosine Triphosphate - ATP
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Amino AcidsProtein Building Blocks
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Levels of Protein Structure
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Human Genome Project

• A rough draft is complete, gt90 sequenced
• Represents approximately 75,000 human genes
  (estimated range 30,000 to 120,000)
• Based on the DNA from six individuals thus
  provides little information regarding genetic
  diversity within the population
• Estimated that 95 of our DNA content is not
  important represents evolutionary baggage
• Highlights the need for continued sequencing of
  genomes from other organisms to identify
  essential genes and their functions

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Proteomics

• Proteomics the study of how all proteins
  interact with each other in a cell
• Estimate 50,000 to 2,000,000 human proteins
• The amino acid sequence of a protein can be
  determined from the gene sequence, but in most
  cases, this cannot be used to predict overall
  3D-structure or function usually this is done by
  X-ray crystallography
• Only about 1 of proteins have had their 3D
  structures determined

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The Next 40 years in Medicine

• Predictions made by Francis Collins M.D./Ph.D.,
  director of the National Human Genome Research
  Institute

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Predictions - 2010

• Primary care providers will practice genetic
  medicine
• Preimplantation diagnoses of fertilized embryos
  will be widely available
• Gene therapy will be routinely used for a few
  conditions

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Predictions - 2020

• Gene-based designer drugs will be marketed for
  some diseases
• Cancer therapies will target the molecular
  fingerprint of each tumor type
• Drug susceptibility will be determined before a
  prescription is written
• Genomic intervention via homologous recombination
  will be used to insert genes without interfering
  with neighboring genes

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Predictions - 2030

• Human aging genes will be fully catalogued
  clinical trials designed to increase life span
  will be initiated
• Computer models of human cells will be available
  for research
• Complete genome sequencing will cost less than
  1,000 per person

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Predictions - 2040

• Comprehensive genomics-based healthcare will be
  standard.
• Individualized preventive treatments will be
  available and effective.
• Gene therapies and gene-based drug therapies will
  be available for most diseases.
• Newborn testing for disease pre-disposition in
  adulthood will be feasible.
• The average lifespan will reach 90 yrs.