Ch. 20

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UNIT V

• Ch. 20 21

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Before the French Revolution.

• The Changing lives of the people
• -Family
• nuclear family couples began raising their
  families away from their parents
• avg. age 27
• -needed to support themselves
• -needed permission from local lord
• Work away from home boys worked on farms or
  were apprenticed to a craftsman to learn a trade
  (7- 14 yrs long) girls worked on family farms or
  as servants (usually exploited)

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Marriage Practices from 1750-1850

• Illegitimacy explosion
• Between 10-20 births were illegitimate
• Why?
• Cottage industry ? not tied to land
• Migration to cities (closer living quarters)
• Children and Education
• Infant mortality rate high (1 out of 5)
• Too many children led to infanticide or
  abandonment at foundling homes (usually at
  churches)
• Few kids went to school
• Usually between the ages 7-12
• Stressed religion and morals

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Food and Medical Care

• Nutrition
• Main food was bread
• Poor did not eat meat
• hunting was illegal except for nobles and large
  landowners
• Medical Practices
• Rise in medical practitioners because of
  Enlightenments focus on law of nature
• Faith healers believed patients were possessed by
  demons (countryside)
• Apothecaries (pharmacists) dispensed herbs and
  drugs (cities)
• Hospitals were unsanitary
• noteworthy 1760 smallpox inoculation

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Religion and Popular Culture

• Protestant revival
• Wanted to recapture Christian religion (Pietism)
• More emotional religion and priesthood for all
  believers
• Catholicism
• Took on a new look many religious ceremonies
  were mixed with pagan rituals
• Leisure time
• Carnival
• Blood sportsbullbaiting, cockfighting, etc.

Battle Between Carnival and Lent, Pieter Brugel
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The French Revolution

• 1789

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Causes of the French Revolution

• Fundamental causes
• 1) Widespread Poverty
• Hit Third Estate hardest
• 2) Enlightenment Thinkers
• Taught the importance of freedom
• Examples Locke, Rousseau, Voltaire
• 3) Success of the American Revolution
• American colonists proved they could defeat a
  corrupt government
• Gave the French hope
• 1775-1783

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The 3 Estates of France(The Old Regime)
Estate Class
Clergy (Priests)
1st Estate
Rich Nobles/Lords (Owned Land)
2nd Estate
Estates 1 2 are called the privileged classes.
They owned most of the land and paid little in
taxes!
3rd Estate

• Peasants
• Servants
• Bourgeoisie-
• (Educated, often wealthy
• merchants or artists)

98 of the French Population
The 3rd Estate paid almost all of the taxes in
France!
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• 4) Discontent of the Third Estate
• Made up 98 of the population
• Burdened by heavy taxes
• 5) King Louis XVI and his wife, Marie Antoinette
• Could not solve Frances problems (resulting from
  years of poor leadershipi.e. King Louis XIV)
• Provided more weak leadership
• Inherited a huge national debt
• Even though Marie Antoinette was known as Madame
  Deficit, they had little power over controlling
  the economy

Im with Madame Deficit ?
(this one is Marie.)
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• Immediate Causes
• Estates-General
• The King and Queen refused to use the nations
  money wisely, they began taxing the 2nd estate.
  2nd estate called on the representative body of
  all 3 estates (Estates General).
• The Third Estate asked for reforms
• Fair taxes
• Freedom of Speech and Press (Enlightenment ideas)
• Govt leave business alone (laissez-faire)
• For a written constitution securing basic rights

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• The third estate was written out by other two
• So they.
• -declared themselves to be the National Assembly
  for France on June 17, 1789
• -Took the Oath of the TENNIS COURT on June 20,
  1789 swearing to create a constitution
• -Led a revolt when Louis XVI refused to sign
  their constitution

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The Tennis Court Oath

• The National Assembly, considering that it has
  been summoned to establish the constitution of
  the kingdom, to effect the regeneration of public
  order, and to maintain the true principles of
  monarchy that nothing can prevent it from
  continuing its deliberations in whatever place it
  may be forced to establish itself and, finally,
  that wheresoever its members are assembled, there
  is the National Assembly.
• Decrees that all members of this Assembly shall
  immediately take a solemn oath not to separate,
  and to reassemble wherever circumstances require,
  until the constitution of the kingdom is
  established and consolidated upon firm
  foundations and that, the said oath taken, all
  members and each one of them individually shall
  ratify this steadfast resolution by signature.

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Bastille Day, July 14, 1789

• Mobs attacked this Paris prison trying to get
  gunpowder in order to defend Paris from Louis
  troops
• The Bastille fell into the control of the French
  people
• National holiday for France (their 4th of July)

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The Great Fear

• Characterized by revolts along the countryside
• Peasants revolted against their lords
• Killed many, destroyed land/manor houses, etc.
• Wanted to free themselves from manorial rule
• Spurred on rebellious fervor in France
• Led to the abolishment of serfdom in France and
  the end of feudal payments made by peasants

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Declaration of the Rights of Man, August 27, 1789

• Proclaimed mankinds natural rights
• life, property, security, and resistance to
  oppression
• every man is presumed innocent until proven
  guilty
• Sound familiar?
• -MAIN GOAL To limit the monarchys power and put
  the power in the hands of the people
• Difficult balance to find

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Women March on VersaillesOct. 5, 1789

• Women responsible for food in a family
• The start of the Revolution forced many nobles
  out of France
• No one to sell their luxury goods to
• The church was no longer able to give grants of
  food and money to poor
• Economic crisis
• 7,000 women marched 12 miles to Versailles from
  Paris seeking help
• Sought out Marie Antoinette
• Killed royal bodyguards
• Forced the king and queen out of Versailles and
  into Paris
• Huge victory for the women of France

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The Legislative Assembly

• September 1791 new constitution completed
• Louis reluctantly approves
• Places power into a new assemblyThe Legislative
  Assembly

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Factions Split France

• Old problems (debt, food shortages, etc.) still
  existed
• As a result, the Legislative Assembly split into
  three groups

Radicals (Sans-culottes) Moderates Conservatives (Emigres)
Opposed the king and the idea of a monarchy wanted sweeping changes and wanted common people to have governmental power Wanted some changes in govt, but not as many as the radicals Upheld the idea of a limited monarchy wanted few govt changes
Left Center Right
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War with Austria

• Monarchies in other countries feared what was
  occurring in France (deposition of the king,
  etc.)
• As a result of their fear, Austria and Prussia
  pressured France to reinstate Louis XVI to the
  throne
• The National Assembly responded by declaring war
  on Austria in April 1791
• By summer of 1792 enemy armies were nearing Paris

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The king and queen imprisoned

• The Prussian commander threatened to destroy
  Paris if the revolutionaries harmed any member of
  the royal family
• In response, 20,000 Parisians invaded the royal
  palace where the king and his family were
  staying, brutally killed the kings guard of 900,
  and took the royal family captive

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The Execution of Louis XVI

• Why?
• Summer 1792- Mobs have more power than the French
  government.
• Jacobins Radical group that wanted to remove the
  King and establish a republic
• Prominent radical leader Jean Paul Marat
• Louis XVI was considered an enemy of the
  revolution
• Sept. 21, 1792 National Convention abolished the
  monarchy and declared France a republic
• women not given the right to vote, just men
• Louis was diminished to a common citizen and
  prisoner, tried for treason, and found guilty
• Executed on Jan. 21, 1793 by the guillotine

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The Reign of TerrorJuly 1793- July 1794

• Jacobins faced many oppositions
• Peasants horrified by the kings execution,
  priests who would not accept the new govt, rival
  leaders in other areas of France, etc.
• How to deal with this situation?
• Committee of Public Safety 1793
• Headed by Maximilien Robespierre
• Decided who was to be executed and who wasnt
• Begins the Reign of Terror
• Choice method for execution.

The Guillotine!!!!
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Execution of Marie Antoinette

• During the Reign of Terror, hundreds were
  executed daily
• Most famous execution was that of the widowed
  queen, Marie Antoinette

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End of the Reign of Terror

• Execution of Robespierre
• His closest advisors began to feel threatened
• Death came by guillotine on July 28, 1794

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Napoleon Forges an Empire

• Napoleon comes to power Coup detat (sudden
  seizure of power)
• French govt The Directory (established after
  the Reign of Terror)
• By 1799, the Directory had lost the confidence of
  the people
• Napoleon, a war hero, was urged to take over
  power
• Step 1 given control of the army (Nov. 1799)
• Step 2 his troops drive out members of the
  national assembly
• Step 3 the remaining members vote to dissolve
  the Directory and put 3 consuls in its place
• Napoleon named first consul

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The Directory
?
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Napoleon Rules France

• 1800 plebiscite (vote of the people) held to
  approve the new constitution
• Gave Napoleon real power as first consul
• Lycees established government-run public schools
• Concordat (agreement) with Pope Pius VII working
  out new relations between the Church and state
• Gained Napoleon the support of the organized
  church as well as the majority of the French
  people

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Napoleonic Code

• Comprehensive system of laws
• Gave the country a uniform system of laws, yet
  limited liberty and promoted authority over
  individual rights
• Took away some rights to sell their property
• Freedom of speech and of the press were
  restricted rather than expanded
• Also restored slavery in the French colonies that
  had been abolished previously

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Napoleon Crowned as Emperor1804

• French voters supported him in his decision to be
  emperor
• December 2, Notre Dame Cathedral
• Arrogantly took the crown out of the popes hands
  and placed it on his own head
• He wanted to control not only France, but the
  rest of Europe as well

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Conquering Europe

• Annexed the Austrian Netherlands and parts of
  Italy and set up a puppet govt in Switzerland
• Fearful of his ambitions, Britain persuaded
  Russia, Austria and Sweden to join in a third
  coalition against France
• Third Coalition
• Napoleon crushed his opposition in a series of
  battles
• Strategic
• Eventually the rulers of Austria, Prussia, and
  Russia all signed peace treaties with Napoleon
• Britain laid just outside his grasp

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The Battle of Trafalgar

• In his battle against the Third Coalition,
  Napoleon only lost one battle
• Naval
• The battle took place off the coast of Spain
• British commander, Horatio Nelson, outmaneuvered
  Napoleons fleet
• Nelson died during the battle, but it proved that
  Britain could not be defeated by Napoleons forces

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Napoleons Empire Collapse

• 3 costly mistakes
• 1) Continental System
• blockade forcible closing of ports
• Continental System
• Prevented trade and communication between Great
  Britain and other European nations
• 2) Peninsular War 1808-1813
• Portugal ignored the continental system
• Sent his army through Spain
• Spanish revolted Napoleon lost 300,000 men
• Placed Joseph II (his brother) on the throne
• 3) Invasion of Russia 1812
• French/Russian alliance broke down
• Napoleon invaded Russia
• As the Russians retreated, they burned everything
  behind them, leaving nothing for the French to
  use for supplies
• Scorched-earth policy
• Napoleons troops were caught in a Russian winter
• Lost at the Battle of Borodino hundreds of
  thousands died

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Napoleons Downfall

• Coalition defeats Napoleon
• Took advantage of his weak position
• All of the main powers were against him
• The Battle of Leipzig, Oct. 1813
• Gave up his throne in April of 1814
• Exiled to Elba, a tiny island off the Italian
  coast
• Bourbon king, Louis XVIII, brother of Louis XVI,
  ruled in France (unpopular)

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Napoleons Return

• Napoleons return
• Escaped from Elba in March 1815
• Thousands of French people welcomed him back
• Within days, Napoleon was emperor again
• Louis XVIII flees to the border

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Battle of Waterloo, Belgium June 15, 1815

• In response, European allies fought back
• British army, led by the Duke of Wellington,
  prepared for a battle near the village of
  Waterloo
• With help from the Prussian forces, the British
  defeated Napoleon for the final time
• Exiled to St. Helena, a remote island in the
  Southern Atlantic
• He died in 1821

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• He was as great as a man can be without virtue.
• -Alexis de Tocqueville

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UNIT VI

• Ch. 22 23

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The Revolution in Energy and Industry

• Refers to the increase in machine-made goods
• Began in England in the 18th century and quickly
  spread to North America and the rest of Europe

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Why Britain First?

• 1) Abundance of Natural Resource
• Deposits of coal and iron ore
• 2) Geographical location
• Good harbors and rivers made foreign trade easier
• 3) Abundance of labor
• Unemployment among ag workers led to an urban
  migration
• 4) Capital
• Wealthy entrepreneurial class had money to set up
  new industries
• 5) Markets
• Demand from two large markets benefited
  manufacturing industry
• Growing middle class British colonial population
• 6) Inventions
• Allowed for mass production of goods
• Mainly in the textile industry

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The Spread of the Industrial Revolution

• -The rest of Europe was slow to industrialize
  because the French Revolution and the Napoleonic
  Wars halted trade, interrupted communication, and
  caused inflation
• -Belgium led the way in adopting Britains new
  methods of manufacturing goods
• rich deposits of iron and coal
• waterways for transportation
• -William Cockerill smuggled secret plans for
  building spinning machinery to Belgium in 1799

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Germany Industrializes

• Lacked countrywide industrialization
• -rather pockets of industrialization sprung up
• ex coal-rich Rural Valley of west-central
• Germany
• -beginning around 1835 Germany began to copy the
  British model
• -imported English equipment and engineers
• -built railroads that linked growing
  manufacturing cities to one another
• ex Frankfurt with the Rural Valley
• -by the late 1800s Germany had become an
  industrial and militaristic giant
• -foreshadows future world wars

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Expansion throughout Europe

• -proceeded by region rather than by country
• -Examples
• -Bohemia developed its spinning industry
• -Spains Catalonia processed cotton
• -Northern Italy specialized in silk
• -Russia serf labor ran factories
• -France industrialized after 1850 when the
  central government constructed railroads
• -Some nations did not industrialize
• -Ex Spain and Austria-Hungary

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Inventions
Spinning Jenny
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The Cotton Gin by Eli Whitney
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John Kays Flying Shuttle
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Workers
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Coal Miners
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THE END!!!!