How We Learn from Experience

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How We Learn from Experience

• Classical and Operant Conditioning

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Classical Conditioning Was Discovered by Ivan
Pavlov
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All animals automatically salivate when food is
placed in their mouth
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But, as we all know, we can also begin to
salivate just by seeing someone eating
scrumptious food
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Originally Pavlov was only interested in studying
the digestive process of dogs

• He knew that each time he gave his dogs food,
  they would automatically salivate.
• The food is an example of an unconditioned
  stimulus and salivation to the food is an example
  of a unconditioned response. Why are they
  unconditioned?
• But what puzzled Pavlov is that his dogs soon
  began to salivate when they were put in their
  harness before he had given them food?!

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The brains of these dogs had begun to associate
the lab with food

• Originally only food powder placed in their mouth
  would cause the dogs to salivate.
• However, soon the dogs began to salivate to the
  stimuli of the lab.
• Which salivation response is unconditioned and
  which is conditioned and why?

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To study how a reflex is conditioned to a new
stimulus, Pavlov decided to associate a tuning
fork with food
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Sure enough, the dogs now began to salivate to
the sound of the tuning fork

• The salivation response to food in your mouth is
  inborn so is called an _________
• response.
• However, the salivation response to the sound
  of the tuning fork is learned so is called a
  _________ response.
• The salivation response to both the food and
  to the tuning fork is a reflex. Why?

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Watson used classical conditioning to get little
Albert to fear white rats
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How Albert was conditioned to fear rats

• From birth we all fear a loud sudden noiseit is
  inborn or unlearned. Therefore, the noise is an
  _________ stimulus and the _________ is an
  _________ response.
• Watson made a loud, sudden noise every time the
  white rat was close to little Albert.
• Fairly soon little Albert began to fear white
  ratsa learned fear. So the rat is a
  ________stimulus
• and the fear of the rat is a
  _________response

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So a loud sudden noise is causes a fear reflex
from birth so is called what type of stimulus?

• A conditioned stimulus
• An unconditioned stimulus

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However, Albert learned to fear white rats so now
a white rat is called

• A) a conditioned stimulus or
• B) a unconditioned stimulus

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The Fear Response to a sudden loud noise is
inborn or unlearned so is a

• A) a conditioned response
• B) an unconditioned response

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In contrast, the Fear response to the white rat
is learned so is called

• A) the conditioned response
• B) the unconditioned response

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Classical conditioning explains how we learn all
types of fears like a fear of small enclosed
spaces
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Being stuck in a small, enclosed space elicits an
automatic fear response

• Being stuck is an unconditioned stimulus and the
  fear reflex is an unconditioned response. Why?

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Some of my students learned fear of small spaces
by being stuck in small space, like a trunk
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Being locked in trunk can condition a person to
fear any small enclosed space, like being in a
closet or under a bed.

• Identify the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
• unconditioned response (UCR)
• conditioned stimulus (CS)
• conditioned response (CR)

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Almost Drowning

• Almost drowning is an unconditioned stimulus that
  elicits the unconditioned reflex of fear. Why?

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Now a Person could have a conditioned or learned
fear of deep water due to it being associated
with the experience of almost drowning. Identify
the unconditioned and conditioned variables

• UCS ___________________
• UCR ___________________
• CS _____________________
• CR_____________________

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We all will have a fear reflex if attacked by a
dog!
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If attacked by a dog, we might start to have a
fear response every time we see a dog.

• The Unconditioned stimulus is the ___________ and
  the conditioned stimulus is the __________

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The automatic response to the dog attack and the
automatic response to seeing a dog would both be
fear

• The fear response to an attacking dog would is
  called a ___________ response. Why?
• But the fear response to seeing a dog is called a
  ________________ response. Why?

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We all are born with a fear of falling

• So falling is which type
• of stimulusunconditioned
• or conditioned and why?
• What type of response is
• the fear response to
• fallingunconditioned or
• conditioned and why?

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A person who had a bad fall from a tree might
learn a fear of heights

• Is this an unconditioned
• fear or conditioned
• fear?
• Is being on a ladder a
• unconditioned stimulus
• or conditioned stimulus?

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All people would have a fear response to being
bitten by a snake

• What type of stimulus and response is this?

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If you were bitten by a snake or heard scary
stories about snakes, you likely would learn to
fear snakes.

• Identify the
• UCS
• UCR
• CS
• CR

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People can learn a fear by observing others with
that fear

• See a person become fearful to a spider
• Now you have a fear response to seeing spiders

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If a fear can be learned, it also can be
unlearned through desensitization
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In class we watched a video of a woman who
unlearned her phobia of snakes.

• Describe the small steps used by the therapist
  when exposing the woman to the snake.
• Why does this type of exposure therapy so
  effective in helping people lose their fears?

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How could someone learn a taste aversion to
cotton candy? To Brussels Sprouts?
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What is UCS, UCR, CS and CR when a person learns
to feel nauseated to the smell of tequilas?
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How we learn voluntary behaviors Law of Effect
as observed by Thorndike
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B. F. Skinner work discovered the science of
operant conditioning Consequences that encourage
discourage our behaviors
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Skinner taught his rats to press the lever by
giving them food pellets as moved closer and
closer to the lever
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Operant conditioning

• Our voluntary (operant) responses are influenced
  by the consequences they receive.
• Positive reinforcements encourage our operant
  responses by providing us something good
• Examples of positive reinforcement praise,
  attention, money, a sense of accomplishment,
  affection, good grades, blue ribbons

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Examples of positive reinforcements that
encourage us!
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Skinner taught his pigeons to turn circles, play
ping pong play tic, tack, toe by positively
reinforcing these behaviors in small step.
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Positive Reinforcement

• Getting something pleasant
• Intrinsic Simply gives us a good feeling via
  our pleasure centers
• Extrinsic Grades, money, approval,
  attentioni.e. from our environment

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Negative Reinforcements Also Encourage Operant
Responses

• Negative reinforcements enable us to escape or
  avoid an unpleasant consequence
• Examples of negative reinforcement take an
  aspirin to escape a headache, drive close to
  speed limit so not get a speeding ticket or study
  for a test so not get an F!

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Punishment and extinction both discourage our
behaviors
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Skinner never use punishmentjust extinction

• Why do you think giving electric shocks to rats
  or pigeons that werent learning well is a
  terrible idea?
• So what would Skinner do if the rats and pigeons
  did not accomplish the behavior they had been
  taught?

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Quiz

• You start a fitness program and lose a
  significant percentage of body fat. This
  consequence is
• Positive reinforcement
• Negative reinforcement
• Punishment
• Extinction

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Quiz

• You join a health club but never have the time to
  go. This consequence would best be identified
  as
• Positive reinforcement
• Negative reinforcement
• Punishment
• Extinction

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Quiz

• Your personal trainer at your fitness club is
  very critical about your attitude and fitness.
  This would be perceived by many of us as
• Positive reinforcement
• Negative reinforcement
• Punishment
• Extinction

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Quiz

• You take an art class and find that your
  sketching ability improves significantly. This
  consequence is a
• a) positive reinforcement
• b) negative reinforcement
• c) punishment
• d) extinction

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Quiz

• Your art teacher makes no comments about your art
  work. This consequence is
• Positive reinforcement
• Negative reinforcement
• Punishment
• Extinction

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Quiz

• At the end of your art class, one of your
  projects is chosen to be in the student exhibit.
  This is a
• Positive reinforcement
• Negative reinforcement
• Punishment
• Extinction

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Quiz

• During your art class other more experienced
  students make it clear that your work is inferior
  and unsophisticated.
• Positive reinforcement
• Negative reinforcement
• Punishment
• Extinction

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Animal trainers faithfully follow the principles
of operant conditioning Only use positive
reinforcement and extinction
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Shaping a mouse to learn through a maze
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Shaping of Complex Behaviors Shaping Dog to
Climb Wall
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Shaping Dog to Open Waste Can
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How Teach a Dog to Jump over fences and through
hoops through shaping?
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Clicker Training used with animals
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Banduras Study with the Bobo Doll illustrate the
learning principle of observation and imitation
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Children will imitate live models, filmed models
and cartoon models