Chapter 40 Review

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Chapter 40 Review
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• Any change, other than an injury, that disrupts
  normal body functions
• List 3 sources of disease

disease
Produced by agents Materials in the
environment genes
3
Match the disease with its cause bacteria
viruses fungi

• _________ influenza
• _________athletes foot
• _________ meningitis
• __________Ebola
• __________ringworm
• __________strep
• __________ AIDS

Virus
Fungi
Bacteria
Virus
Fungi
Bacteria
Virus
4

• Which 2 scientists concluded that diseases were
  caused by microorganisms?
• What is the germ theory of disease?

Robert Koch Louis Pasteur
Diseases are caused by microorganisms called germs
5

• Rules used to identify microorganisms are known
  as

Kochs Postulates
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• What are Kochs postulates?

1. The pathogen should be found in the body of a
sick organism and not in a healthy one

• The pathogen must be isolated and grown in the
  laboratory in pure form

3. When pathogens are placed in a new host, they
should cause the same disease that infected the
original host
4. The injected pathogen should be isolated from
the second host. It should be identical to the
original pathogen.
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• Which type of pathogen invades and replicates in
  living cells by injecting their DNA or RNA into
  them?
• Which pathogen causes disease by breaking down
  the hosts tissues or producing toxins?

Viruses
Bacteria
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• What type of pathogen is responsible for diseases
  such as malaria and dysentery?
• What type of pathogen lives inside a host and
  steals nutrients from them?

Protists
Worms
9

• A disease causing agent
• The ability of the body to resist a specific
  pathogen

pathogen
immunity
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• List the ways diseases can be spread

Physical contact
Contaminated food or water
Infected animals
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• How can we prevent the spread of disease?
• Animals that spread disease are called

Wash your hands Cover your face when sneezing or
coughing
vectors
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• Nonspecific defense reaction to tissue damage
  caused by injury or infection
• Elevated body temperature that occurs in response
  to an infection

Inflammatory response
fever
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• What kills bacteria without harming the human or
  host?
• What enzyme breaks down the cells walls of
  bacteria and can be found in mucus, saliva, and
  tears

antibiotic
lysozyme
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• Protein that helps destroy a pathogen
• Overreaction of the immune system to antigens

antibody
allergy
15

• Which antibiotic was discovered accidentally in
  1828?
• What type of defenses track down pathogens that
  have made it into the body?

Penicillin
Specific Defenses
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• Antibiotics are helpful with bacteria, but will
  not kill
• What is the most important nonspecific defense?

Viruses
Skin
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• The bodys specific defenses that attack a
  disease-causing agent
• Substance that triggers an immune response

Immune response
antigen
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• What type of defenses work to keep pathogens out
  of the body?
• List 4- first line defenses

Nonspecific Defenses
Skin Mucus Sweat Tears
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• White blood cells that engulf pathogens are
  called
• What are the benefits to a fever

phagocytes
Slows or stops the growth of many
pathogens Increases heart rate to get WBCs there
faster
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• A protein that helps cells resist a viral
  infection
• What are the 2 types of cells that recognize
  antigens?

Interferon
B cells T cells
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• Immunity against pathogens and antigens in body
  fluids
• Defense against abnormal cells and pathogens
  inside normal cells

Humoral immunity
Cell-mediated immunity
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• What types of cells are used in a humoral
  response?
• What types of cells are used in a cell-mediated
  response?

B cells
T cells
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• Which cells produce antibodies for a secondary
  response?
• Describe the shape of an antibody

Memory B cells
Y-shaped with 2 antigen binding sites
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• The antibody has antigen binding sites whose
  shape is ______________ to the antigen shape
• Cell mediated immunity responds to what 2 things?

complimentary
Cancerous cells Virus infected cells
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• When the body recognizes a transplanted organ as
  foreign and attacks it this is known as
• A preparation of weakened or killed pathogens

rejection
vaccine
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• Temporary protection from a disease by injecting
  the antibodies made from another animal into the
  bloodstream
• Name 3 types of disorders within the immune system

Passive immunity
Allergies Autoimmune disease Immunodeficiency
Disease
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• List substances that are common allergens
• The activated mast cells initiate the release of a

Mold Dust Pollen
Histamine
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• What do histamines do
• What type of drug counteracts the work of
  histamines?

Histamines increase the flow of blood and fluids
to the surrounding tissues
antihistamines
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• A chronic respiratory condition in which the
  passageways narrow
• When the immune system makes a mistake and
  attacks the bodys own cells it produces an

asthma
autoimmune disease
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• Give an example of an autoimmune disease
• antibodies attack the insulin-producing cells of
  the pancreas

Rheumatoid Arthritis Type 1 Diabetes Multiple
Sclerosis
Type 1 diabetes
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• The immune system attacks the connective tissues
  around joints
• The immune system attacks the brain and spinal
  cord

Rheumatoid Arthritis
Multiple Sclerosis
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• Disorder in which the immune system itself is
  attacked
• How can HIV be spread?

Immunodeficiency disease
Sexual contact Sharing needles Blood or blood
products Mother to child
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• Factors that have the potential to affect your
  health in a negative way and cause injury or
  disease
• What factors affect air quality

Risk factors
Carbon Monoxide Ozone Gas Airborne Particulates
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• Symptoms of CO poisoning include
• Highly reactive form of oxygen found in the air,
  it is a risk factor when it occurs at ground
  level

headache, dizziness, nausea, light headedness
Ozone
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• Name 3 airborne particle affect you health
• Intentional release of infectious agents

Allergens Lead asbestos
bioterrorism
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• Uncontrolled cell growth and reproduction
• The cells begin to divide uncontrollably and form
  a mass of tissue called a _________

Cancer
Tumor
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• _____________ are substances that cause cancer
• What behaviors reduce your risk of exposure to
  pathogens?

carcinogens
Eating a healthy diet plenty of exercise and
rest Abstaining from harmful activities Getting
regular checkups