Ch. 21 PPT Notes The Furnace of Civil War

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Ch. 21 PPT NotesThe Furnace of Civil War
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Bull Run Ends the Ninety-Day War

• July 1861 - Battle of Bull Run At first, battle
  went well for the Union, but Thomas Stonewall
  Jackson stood firm. Confederate reinforcements
  arrived Union army fled.
• Significance Overconfidence in the South
  Soldiers deserted some feeling the war was over.
• North Realized the war wasnt going to be over
  quickly

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Tardy George McClellan and the Peninsula
Campaign

• General McClellan Commander of Army of Potomac
• Great organizer and morale booster, but
  overcautious continued to drill troops and
  didnt move, so Lincoln ordered him to advance.
• Peninsula Campaign- McClellan approaches Richmond
  via rivers captures Yorktown continues toward
  Richmond, but driven back by Robert E. Lee in the
  Seven Days Battle (Summer 1862)
• Significance If Union had captured Richmond,
  South wouldnt have lost much of their way of
  life.
• However, Lincoln decided that South cant try to
  break apart the govt., then come back into the
  Union without consequences. So Lincoln began to
  draft an Emancipation Proclamation.

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Peninsula Campaign 1862
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Name that General!
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Name that General!
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Name that General!
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Name that General!
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What was the Norths Military Plan to win the
Civil War?
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Northern Military Plan 6 Parts

• Suffocate South by sea blockade.
• Free slaves to undermine Souths economy.
• Seize control of Mississippi River to cut the
  Confederacy in half.
• Send troops to Georgia and the Carolinas.
• Capture Richmond.
• Engage the Souths main strength and overtake
  them.

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The War at Sea

• Blockade wasnt complete, but focused on Souths
  main ports. (coast too large to cover all)
• Blockade running occurred using swift steamers
  risky but large profits exchanged arms for
  cotton.
• Northern Navy enforced blockade by seizing
  British freighters.
• Southerners plated the sides of the Merrimack
  (renamed Virginia) with iron railroad rails.
  Merrimack destroyed two wooden Union ships.
• North Response Union sent the ironclad Monitor
  to attack the Merrimack. Confederates eventually
  destroyed the Merrimack so the Union wouldnt get
  a hold of it.

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Blockade
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Pivotal Point Antietam

• Aug. 1862 Second Battle of Bull Run Gen.
  Robert E. Lee against Union Gen. John Pope. South
  won!
• Battle of Antietam, Maryland General Lee against
  Union General McClellan. Lees battle plan was
  found so General McClellan successful in stopping
  General Lees march on Border State of Maryland.
  (battle was a draw). Lee went South, and
  McClellan didnt go after him. McClellan lost
  his command.
• Significance This victory for the North
  became the springboard for Lincoln to launch a
  preliminary Emancipation Proclamation in Sept.
  1862.
• After Jan. 1, 1863, the character of the war
  will be changedthe South is to be destroyed and
  replaced

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A Proclamation Without Emancipation

• Sept. 1862 Preliminary Emancipation
  Proclamation
• Jan. 1, 1863 Emancipation Proclamation
  Declared forever free the slaves in the
  Confederates states in rebellion.
• Slaves in Border States werent affected since
  Lincoln concerned they would break away. Thus
  the Emancipation Proclamation was stronger on
  proclamation than emancipation.
• Thousands of slaves flocked to Union armies. 1 in
  7 slaves ran away to Union camps.
• Strengthened moral cause of the Union and removed
  any chance of negotiated settlement.
• Military desertions increased sharply as not
  everyone agreed with the Proclamation.

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Emancipation Proclamation
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Blacks Battle Bondage

• North Beginning of war no Blacks in the army.
  Union Navy had Blacks as cooks, stewards, and
  firemen.
• Need for manpower Blacks eventually accepted
  and by end of war about 180,000 Blacks served in
  the Union army.
• High casualties more than 38,000 died. If
  captured, many were put to death as slaves in
  revolt.

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Blacks in the South

• South Didnt enlist Blacks until a month before
  war ended. However, tens of thousands of Blacks
  forced into war related labor.
• Slave resistance slowdowns, strikes, defiance,
  and undermined discipline.
• Slaves served as Union spies, guides, scouts, or
  provided shelter to war prisoners.
• At end of war half million slaves fled from the
  plantations.
• Many who stayed negotiated new working conditions
  in factories or on farms.

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Battles Continue

• Lincoln replaced McClellan as commander of the
  Army of the Potomac with General Burnside
• Dec. 1862 Battle of Fredericksburg, Virginia
  Union General Burnside attacked General Lees
  position. Union lost the battle - about 12,000
  casualties.
• May 1863 Battle of Chancellorsville, Virginia
  General Lee divided his forces and sent
  Stonewall Jackson to attack much larger Union
  force lead by General Joseph Hooker. Lee won a
  brilliant victory, but unfortunately Stonewall
  Jackson was mistakenly shot by his own men and
  died.
• General Lee I have lost my right arm.

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Rest in Peace
Great General Thomas Stonewall Jackson
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Battle of Gettysburg

• July 1863 Battle of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania
  (Northernmost point reached by Confederate Army)
  For 3 days, Union troops led by General George
  Meade fought Confederate troops led by Gen. Lee
  and General George Pickett. On 3rd day,
  Confederate General Picketts brave charge up
  Cemetery Ridge failed. Confederate army
  retreated.
• Significance Last real chance for Confederacy to
  win the war, but this loss broke the heart and
  back of the Confederate cause.
• Lincolns Gettysburg Address invoked principles
  of human equality and to ensure that democracy
  would remain a possible form of government

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The War in the West

• Feb. 1862, General Ulysses S. Grant 1st success
  in Tennessee Captured Fort Henry and Fort
  Donelson.
• Significance Kentucky more secured to the Union
  and opened gateway to Tennessee and Georgia.
• April 1862 Battle of Shiloh, TN Confederate
  forces launched surprise attack on Gen. Grant.
  North won!
• May 1863 Battle of Vicksburg, Miss. - Grants
  best fought campaign Union General Grant and his
  Army of the Tennessee crossed the Miss. River -
  drove Confederate army Lt. Gen. John C.
  Pemberton into defensive lines surrounding city
  of Vicksburg 5 days later Port Hudson fell -
  South loses control of Miss. River.

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Election of 1864
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The Election of 1864

• Lincolns re-election depended on keeping
  Republican support and defeating the threat from
  Peace Democrats and Copperheads. VP running mate
  Andrew Johnson.
• Republican party joined with War Democrats to
  become the Union party.
• Democrat candidate Gen. George McClellan
• Lincoln benefited from Northern victories in
  battle, plus Northern soldiers were furloughed
  home to vote for Lincoln.
• Peace Democrats and Copperheads Northern
  Democrats who opposed Civil War, wanting
  immediate peace settlement with Confederates.
  Most famous Copperhead was Ohio's Clement L.
  Vallandigham, a Congressman.

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Grant Outlasts Lee

• After Gettysburg, General Grant replaced Meade.
• General Lee had fewer men.
• April 1865 Northern troops captured Richmond
  and cornered Lee at Appomattox Courthouse in
  Virginia.
• Gen. Grant met with Gen. Lee - made terms and
  signed surrender document
• Confederate Gen Joseph
• Johnston's army was still fighting
• the Union Army

General Grant
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Lincoln Assassinated

• April 14, 1865 only 5 days after Gen. Lees
  surrender pro-Southern stage actor, John Wilkes
  Booth fatally shot Pres. Lincoln at Fords
  Theater.
• Southerners realize Lincolns death was a
  calamity for them. Lincolns moderation would
  have been better than viewpoint of the Congress.
• Vice President Andrew Johnson becomes president.
• Booth was shot less than
• 2 weeks later by a union
• soldier

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Aftermath of Civil War

• Over 600,000 killed and over 400,000 wounded.
  Cost about 15 billion.
• Nation was re-united politically, though for
  generations still divided by the war.
• South collapsed - both economically and socially.
• 13 Amendment passed by Senate, April 8, 1864
  passed by the House on Jan. 31, 1865 and adopted
  Dec. 6, 1865.

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What does the Federal government need to do to
re-unite North and South?

• (What does North and South need to do to re-unite
  politically?

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Why is Antietam considered the turning point in
the Civil War?
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Why did Lincoln declare his Emancipation
Proclamation? What did it really achieve?
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Essential Questions

• Why did both the North and the South believe that
  it would be a short war?
• Why is Antietam considered the turning point in
  the Civil War?
• Why did Lincoln declare his Emancipation
  Proclamation? What did it really achieve?
• To what extent did both free and enslaved blacks
  contribute to the war effort?
• What was the significance of Gettysburg?
• How did General Shermans military strategy
  presage modern warfare of the 20th century?
• What finally led to Lees surrender at
  Appomattox?
• How did Lincolns assassination change the
  outcome of the Civil War?
• What are some of the long-term influences of the
  Civil War?
• To what extent did the Civil War benefit the
  freed slaves?