US FOREIGN POLICY

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US FOREIGN POLICY FROM 1930 TO 1941
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The Road to World War II 1919-1939
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Foreign Policy Tensions
Interventionism
Disarmament

• Isolationism
• Nativists
• Anti-War movement
• Conservative Republicans

• Collective security
• Wilsonianism
• Business interests

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American Isolationism

• Isolationists like Senator Lodge, refused to
  allow the US to sign the Versailles Treaty.
• Security treaty with France also rejected by the
  Senate.
• July, 1921 ? Congress passed a resolution
  declaring WW I officially over!

Sen. Henry Cabot Lodge, Sr. R-MA
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Problems in Europe After WWI

• Great Depression
• Economic people were jobless
• Political weak governments could not solve
  problems in their countries. Fear of Jews and
  Communists
• Social times of unrest people look for a leader.

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dictators
TOTALITARIAN DICTATORS

• Power of government rests in one man.
• TOTAL POWER
• No freedoms in this society..
• Usually racist and discriminatory towards certain
  groups
• Often have large militaries and must expand and
  conquer to gain approval from their people.

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FDRs Good Neighbor Policy

• Important to have all nations in the Western
  Hemisphere united in lieu of foreign aggressions.
• FDR ? The good neighbor respects himself and the
  rights of others.
• Policy of non-intervention and cooperation.

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democracies
U.S RESPONSE TO FASCIST AGGRESSION

• BETWEEN 1931 TO 1941, JAPAN INVADES MOST OF ASIA
  AND WAS THREATENING U.S. ISLANDS AND OUR OPEN
  DOOR TRADE POLICY.
• FROM 1935 TO 1939, HITLER REMARMED GERMANY IN
  VIOLATION OF THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES.
• GERMANY/ITALY CONQUERED ALL THE DEMOCRACIES IN
  EUROPE.
• US POLICY WAS STRICT NEUTRALITY BUT ULTIMATELY
  WOULD BE DRAWN INTO WWII.

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Japanese Attack Manchuria (1931)

• League of Nations condemned the action.
• Japan leaves the League.
• Hoover wanted no part in an American military
  action in the Far East.

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Hoover-Stimpson Doctrine(1932)

• US would not recognize any territorial
  acquisitions that were achieved by force.
• Japan was infuriated because the US hadconquered
  new territories a few decades earlier.
• Japan bombed Shanghai in 1932 ? massive
  casualties.

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FDR Recognizes the Soviet Union (late 1933)

• FDR felt that recognizing Moscow might bolster
  the US against Japan.
• Maybe trade with the USSR would help the US
  economy during the Depression.

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Nye Committee Hearings(1934-1936)

• The Nye Committee Iinvestigated the charge that
  WW I was needless and the US entered so
  munitions owners could make big profits
  merchants of death.
• The Committee did charge that bankers wanted war
  to protect their loans arms manufacturers to
  make money.
• Claimed that Wilson had provoked Germany by
  sailing in to warring nations waters.
• Resulted in Congress passing several Neutrality
  Acts.

Senator Gerald P. Nye R-ND
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FDRs I hate war Speech (1936)
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Ludlow Amendment (1938)

• A proposed amendment to the Constitution that
  called for a national referendum on any
  declaration of war by Congress.
• Introduced several times by Congressman Ludlow.
• Never actually passed.

Congressman Louis LudlowD-IN
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Neutral
NEUTRALITY ACTS

• 1935 prohibited arms shipments to all
  belligerent countries.
• 1936 forbid loans to all belligerents
• 1939 prohibited Americans from traveling on
  ships of belligerent nations

• FDR responds to Fascist aggression in Europe by
  protecting democracies and preparing the US for
  war..BUT TRYING TO REMAIN ISOLATED AND NEUTRAL

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Neutral
NEUTRALITY ACTS

• Americans wanted to remain neutral.
• America First Committee
• Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies
• Feb. 21, 1940 If Germany is defeating England
  France, should the U.S. declare war on Germany
  and send our Army and Navy to Europe to fight
  against Hitler? Yes 23 No 77

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Neutral
NEUTRALITY ACTS
December 16, 1940 Do you think it was a mistake
for the U.S. to enter the first World War? Yes
39 No 42 No opinion 19
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atlantic1
FOUR FREEDOMS SPEECH

• FIRST, freedom of speech and expression,
  everywhere in the world.
• SECOND, freedom of every person to worship God in
  his own way,everywhere in the world.
• THIRD, freedom from want, which translated into
  world terms, economic and healthy peace time
  life, everywhere in the world.
• FOURTH, freedom from fear, worldwide reduction of
  armaments, everywhere in the world.
• Other things FDR stated
• The world order is to seek cooperation of free
  countries, in a friendly civilized society.
• Freedom means the supremacy of human rights
  everywhere.

• FDRs speech to Congress in Jan. 1941 describing
  the threat of the Axis Powers.
• FDR believed American security was seriously
  threatened and believed the struggle was over
  American democracy.

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LEND LEASE
LEND LEASE

• RENTING, LEASING, GIVING BRITAIN AND LATER SOVIET
  UNION AND CHINA, MILITARY WEAPONS TO ARM THEM
  AGAINST THE GERMANS AND JAPANESE
• FDRs FINAL ATTEMPT TO REMAIN NEUTRAL!
• USA BECOMES THE ARSENAL OF DEMOCRACY

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U. S. Lend-Lease Act,1941, US becomes the
arsenal of democracy
Great Britain.........................31
billionSoviet Union...........................11
billionFrance...................................
... 3 billionChina..............................
.........1.5 billionOther European..............
...500 millionSouth America...................4
00 millionThe amount totaled 48,601,365,000
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lend lease
US offered Lend Lease as a last defense to stay
out of war. It was given to Britain during the
Battle of Britain in 1940, the Soviet Union after
Hitlers invasion in 1941 and China. The US
became the arsenal of democracy.
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June 22, 1941, Hitler invades the Soviet Union
Chapter 24, Section 2
1940 Norway, Denmark, Holland, Belgium,
Netherlands and France 1941 Soviet Union
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atlantic1
ATLANTIC CHARTER

• FDR and Winston Churchill meet on the USS Augusta
  in the North Atlantic to sign the Atlantic
  Charter, August 12, 1941.

• They met together to make known certain common
  principles of their respective countries on which
  they base their hopes for a better futurefor the
  world.

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atlantic1
ATLANTIC CHARTER
FIRST, we seek not conquest of land or
territory.. SECOND, no territorial changes of
land between nations. THIRD, Restoration of
sovereign rights and self-government FOURTH,
Access to raw materials for all FIFTH, World
economic cooperation SIXTH, Freedom from fear
and want SEVENTH, freedom of the seas EIGHTH,
Disarmament of aggressors NINTH, a United Nations
for world peace.
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The Attack Plan (Japanese)

• By attacking our three main bases (???) the
  Japanese hoped to have free reign to take out
  southern Asia.
• Wanted oil, rubber metal.
• They wanted control of East Asia (all the way
  down to Australia).
• They concentrated on attacking the Dutch East
  Indies (Indonesia). This would allow the
  Japanese to attack Australia.
• All that would be left would be small islands
  here and there in the Pacific and the Japanese
  would feel no threat from them.

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map/japan
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WWII Military Leaders
PEARL HARBOR ATTACK

• Captain Mitsuo Fuchida
• Led the attack at Pearl Harbor.
• Tora, Tora, Tora
• Attack, Attack, Attack

• Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto
• Commander of the Japanese Navy
• Responsible for the success of the Japanese
  attack of Pearl Harbor.

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Infamy9
DAY OF INFAMY
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DAY OF INFAMY

• In less than 2 hours, the Pacific Fleet lost two
  battleships, six others were heavily battered and
  nearly a dozen lesser vessels put out of action.
• More than 150 planes were wrecked over 2,300
  servicemen were killed and 1,100 wounded.
• Blame was widespread, both on the Officials in
  Washington and on the Admiral and the General in
  Hawaii.

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• After FDRs Day of Infamy speech asking for a
  declaration of war against Japan, Congress
  approved the declaration.
• FDR signed the declaration of war against Japan
  on Dec. 8, 1941