Foreign Policy

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• Foreign Policy

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Foreign Policy

• Programs and policies that determine Americas
  relations with other nations and foreign entities
• The nations chief foreign-policy actors are
• The president
• The Congress
• The bureaucracy
• Foreign policy is often thought of as
  non-partisan

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Foreign Policy Goals Promoting Security

• Promoting security is the most important goal of
  American foreign policy
• Ensuring that food supplies, infrastructure,
  energy supplies, and the physical security of the
  population are protected from foreign threats

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State and Non-State Actors

• Nation-states Political entities consisting of
  a people with some common cultural experience
  (nation) who also share a common political
  authority (state), recognized by other
  sovereignties
• Non-state actors A group other than a
  nation-state that attempts to play a role in the
  international system
• Terrorist groups are non-state actors

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Isolationism

• The desire to avoid involvement in the affairs of
  other nations
• The Monroe Doctrine established the Western
  Hemisphere as a region under the sphere of
  influence of the United States an early
  departure from isolationism

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Deterrence and Appeasement

• Deterrence The development of a nations
  military capacity in order to discourage attack
• Appeasement The idea of giving in to the
  demands of a hostile power in order to maintain
  short-term stability

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Preemption

• Foreign policy principle that permits a first
  strike attack in order to prevent an enemy attack
• The Bush Doctrine, formulated after 9/11, argued
  that the United States had the right to
  preemptively attack other nations if it was
  believed they posed an imminent threat

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The Cold War

• Ideological struggle between the United States
  and the Soviet Union from 1940s to 1991
• Unlike hot wars, the United States and the
  Soviet Union never directly engaged each other in
  military conflict
• Berlin
• Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
• Vietnam
• Latin America

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The End of the Cold War

• The Truman Doctrine announced that the major goal
  of American foreign policy would be to contain
  the spread of communism
• The 1991 collapse of the Soviet Union marked the
  end of the Cold War and a victory for the policy
  of containment

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Foreign Policy Goals Economic Prosperity

• A second foreign policy goal, after security, is
  promoting economic prosperity
• Trade Policy Most-Favored-Nation status /
  normal trade relations offers reduced tariffs
• North American Free Trade Agreement as an example
  1994 agreement between the United States,
  Mexico, and Canada

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International Trade Organizations

• World Trade Organization (WTO) An international
  group promoting free trade that grew out of the
  General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
• General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
  An international trade organization, in existence
  from 1947 to 1995, that set many of the rules
  governing international trade

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Foreign Policy Goals Humanitarian Concerns

• A third goal of foreign policy is humanitarian
  concerns
• Environmental, human rights, and peace-keeping
  efforts aimed at improving the lives of
  individuals in other nations
• Humanitarian concerns frequently take a backseat
  to American security and economic interests

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Clicker Question

• Which of the following goals do you believe best
  describes overall American foreign policy
  objectives?
• Humanitarian concerns
• Economic concerns
• Security concerns
• Other

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US International Trade in Goods and Services
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Who Makes American Foreign Policy? The President

• The President of the United States is head of
  state and commander in chief
• This allows the president to exercise substantial
  control over American diplomatic and military
  institutions
• Presidential authority over foreign policy has
  grown substantially in the postWorld War II era

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Who Makes American Foreign Policy? The Bureaucracy

• Numerous bureaucratic agencies exist to implement
  American foreign policy
• State Department
• Department of Defense
• Central Intelligence Agency
• Joint Chiefs of Staff
• These agencies do not always agree or have the
  same interests

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Principal Foreign Policy Provisions of the
Constitution
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Who Makes American Foreign Policy? The Congress

• Constitutional power to declare war
• Senate (only) ratifies treaties and confirms
  presidential appointments
• Power of the purse
• Power to regulate commerce with foreign nations
• Investigation and oversight

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Who Makes American Foreign Policy? Interest Groups

• Economic interest groups Single-issue groups
  (like the tobacco industry) are most effective
• Ethnic lobbying Israel Lobby and Irish Lobby as
  examples
• Human rights
• Amnesty International
• Christian Coalition

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Clicker Question

• Which one of the following branches of the US
  government is explicitly given the power to
  declare war by the Constitution?
• The President
• The Congress
• The Department of Defense
• The Department of State

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Crisis and Foreign Policy

• Times of crisis tend to concentrate
  foreign-policy power in the hands of the
  president
• In general, presidents wield far more power over
  foreign policy than domestic policy

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The Instruments of Modern American Foreign Policy

• Diplomacy is a policy tool that attempts to
  resolve international conflicts through direct
  discussion and negotiation
• The Department of State is the national
  governments chief diplomatic arm
• The Foreign Service Act (1946) created a fully
  professional diplomatic corps

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The United Nations

• Founded in 1945, the UN is a multilateral body
  created to solve international disputes before
  they lead to armed conflict
• The five permanent members of the UN Security
  Council (United States, Russia, France, China,
  and the UK) exercise the greatest degree of
  influence

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Clicker Question

• Which of the following nations is NOT a member of
  the UN Security Council?
• India
• United States
• France
• China

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The International Monetary Structure

• The World Bank is a primary funder for long-term
  capital projects in developing nations
• The International Monetary Fund is a primary
  source of stabilization funds during crises

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Economic Aid and Sanctions

• The vast majority of American economic aid is
  used to further American security or economic
  interests
• Israel and Egypt are the largest recipients of
  aid as a lasting effect of the Camp David Peace
  Treaty
• Sanctions are the economic stick of foreign
  policy

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Collective Security

• North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is a
  multilateral military organization comprised of
  the United States, Canada, and most of Western
  Europe
• Though initially created to counter the Soviet
  Union, since the 1990s NATO has played a central
  role in a number of regional conflicts around the
  world

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Military Force

• Because of its tremendous cost, military force is
  seen as a tool of last resort
• Because of the amount of variables involved,
  military action is seen as inherently risky

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Shares of World Military Expenditures 2010
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Arbitration

• An alternative form of dispute resolution relying
  upon an independent third body to adjudicate
  between competing claims
• The International Court of Justice plays an
  important role here

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Thinking Critically About Foreign Policy

• Realism is a school of foreign policy thought
  that places national security and economic
  interests above all other concerns
• Idealism is a school of foreign policy thought
  that emphasizes the promotion of a nations
  values and ideals

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