THE OPEN DOOR POLICY

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THE OPEN DOOR POLICY

• Objective Define Open Door policy and its role
  in US Imperialism

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APK
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Importance

• The Open Door policy of 1899 was originally
  adopted so that the United States could
• 1. restrict Chinese immigration.
• 2. stop Japan from attacking China.
• 3. gain equal trading rights in China.
• 4. encourage the development of democracy in
  China.

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CHINA THE OPEN DOOR POLICY.

• U.S. INVOLVEMENT STARTS IN 1830S
• THE CHINESE EMPIRE IS IN DECLINE.
• Foreign powers in China were lured by huge
  Chinese market and missionary zeal
• EUROPEAN SPHERES OF INFLUENCE
• By late 19th c., Japan and western European
  powers had carved much of China into separate
  spheres of influence.
• Within each sphere, a nation held economic
  dominance
• 1899 BRITISH WANT A JOINT US /BRITISH DECLARATION
• American manufactures feared Chinese markets
  would be monopolized by Europeans while American
  missionaries had a number of groups in China.
• MCKINLEY REFUSES

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SEC OF STATE JOHN HAY

• CIRCULATES AN OPEN DOOR NOTE UNILATERALLY.(Summer
  of 1899)
• Issued by Secretary of State John Hay
• (US at a disadvantage geographically compared to
  Russia and Japan, and American feared they might
  get frozen out if they didnt act quickly.
• DECLARES CHINESE TERRITORIAL INTEGRITY SHOULD BE
  RESPECTED.
• Urged all the Great Powers to announce that in
  their leaseholds or SO they would respect certain
  Chinese rights and ideal of fair competition In
  effect, when any GP dealt with a foreign trader,
  it would observe Open Door.
• CHINA SHOULD BE OPEN TO ALL.
• Open Door gained wide acceptance in US
• Policy did not gain international acceptance as
  it was weak and relatively short-lived

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THE BOXER REBELLION.

• 1900 THE UNIVERSAL FIST OF HARMONY THE BOXERS.
• DEMAND CHINA FOR THE CHINESE.
• WANT TO EXPEL THE FOREIGN DEVILS.
• 55 DAY AT PEKING.
• ALLIED ARMY BREAK THE SIEGE.
• Millions of Chinese enraged over Open Door Policy
• Super Patriotic Boxers killed over 200
  missionaries and other whites a number of
  foreign diplomats besieged in Beijing
• Multinational force of 18,000 arrived to put down
  rebellion
• Included Japan, Russia, Britain, France, Germany
  and US troops (2.5K)
• Victorious they assessed an indemnity of 333
  million (US got 24.5 mil), when Washington found
  sum excessive, remitted 18 million
• Appreciative of US, Chinese gov set aside money
  to educate a select group of Chinese students in
  the US as a gesture of good will
• Hay announced in 1900 that henceforth the Open
  Door would embrace territorial integrity of China
  in addition to its commercial treaty.

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HAY ISSUES A 2ND OPEN DOOR NOTE.

• U.S. IS TOO WEAK TO UNILATERALLY ENFORCE THE
  DEMAND.
• BUT CLEVER DIPLOMACY WORKS.
• Sought to eliminate carving up China with Boxer
  outrages as a pretext
• Hay did not ask for formal acceptances
• China thus spared partition during these years.
• Outcomes
• US maintained a lasting influence in Asia
• Created a market for American goods to be sold

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Importance

• The Open Door policy of 1899 was originally
  adopted so that the United States could
• 1. restrict Chinese immigration.
• 2. stop Japan from attacking China.
• 3. gain equal trading rights in China.
• 4. encourage the development of democracy in
  China.

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Closure

• One lasting effect of the U.S. Open Door policy
  in China was that
• 1. it set the stage for continuing U.S. influence
  in Asia.
• 2. China and the United States always have
  enjoyed a history of good relations.
• 3. Asian countries were forced to allow U.S.
  military bases there.
• 4. the United States became reluctant to trade
  with other Asian countries.
•  

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Closure

• In the early 1900s, China was important to the
  United States because
• 1. the United States needed an ally in the fight
  against Japan.
• 2. China had become a strong military power and
  could pose a threat.
• 3. businesses wanted to export goods to China, a
  huge market.
• 4. China was an important source of raw materials
  for U.S. factories.

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Closure

• What caused the United States to adopt the Open
  Door Policy?
• 1. European powers threatened to invade the U.S.
• 2. European powers were about to monopolize trade
  in China.
• 3. European powers approached the U.S. about
  sharing China.
• 4. China wanted the U.S. to come and rescue them
  from the European powers.

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Closure

• The rapid growth of industry in the United States
  helped fuel the U.S. Open Door Policy because
• 1. America needed unspoiled places for its
  workers to vacation.
• 2. Americans had more time to read about foreign
  places.
• 3. the United States was producing more goods
  than its own people could buy.
• 4. Americans wanted to take over foreign
  factories and learn their secrets.