The Rise of Civilization

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The Rise of Civilization

• Or How we stopped swinging from trees and
  learned to play with fire!

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The Search for Early Humans

• Anthropology - the study of humanity - our
  physical characteristics as animals, and our
  unique non-biological characteristics we call
  culture. The subject is generally broken down
  into three subdisciplines biological (physical)
  anthropology, cultural (social) anthropology, and
  archaeology.

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• The first humanlike creatures are referred to as
  hominids.
• Anthropologists found skeletal/fossil remains of
  early hominids in Ethiopia
• 1974 Lucy
• 1978 anthropologist Mary Leakey
• These early hominids walked upright which
  allowed them to see over the grasslands and to
  use tools.

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Lucy Mary Leakey
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Great Rift Valley
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• Archaeologists study past cultures through human
  remains and artifacts discovered.
• Stratigraphy determining the age of objects
  based upon the layer of soil/ice an object was
  found in.
• Radiocarbon dating carbon 14

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The First People

• About 200,000 years ago early hominids developed
  into Homo sapiens thinking man. Originating
  in Africa Homo sapiens moved out of Africa into
  Asia and eventually to Europe (Eurasia),
  Australia and eventually the Americas.
• - Neanderthal disappeared by 30,000 B.C.E
• - Cro-Magnon

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Hunter - Gatherers

• Early society
• Early humans lived in small wandering bands
  (NOMADS) as they ate wild plants and decaying
  animals.
• As they developed a knowledge of tools and fire
  early humans learned to hunt animals for food.
• This need for communication probably led to the
  development of language.

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The Stone Age Meet the Flintstones

• Paleolithic Old Stone Age ended about 10,000
  B.C.E.
• Mesolithic Middle Stone Age ended about 8,000
  B.C.E.
• Neolithic ended about 3,500 B.C.E.
• Shifts in periods are based on the development of
  tool usage.

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Paleolithic Age

• Anthropologists believe the development of
  CULTURE occurred during the Paleolithic Age.
• Culture customs, art, religious beliefs and
  sense of identity. Anthropologists cite the
  development of cave paintings and religious
  figurines as examples of early culture.

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• Early burials show ceremonial burials red
  ochre, possessions a sense of afterlife,
  religion, etc.

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• Many female goddess figurines are found from
  this early time. Is this the start of religion?
  Development of a human sense of connection to
  generations?
• Fertility/Venus

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Cave of Lascaux - France
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• Culture and society led to a more complex
  relationship between people. This led to
  specialization of jobs and tools.
• Chipped stone tools, bow, arrow, fishing tools,
  canoes etc all led to increased food sources
  and therefore increased SURVIVAL meaning
  greater population.

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• Greater population also placed greater demands on
  groups.
• Weather changes in the Middle East allowed for
  the spread of wild grains. Groups of people
  began to stay in areas for longer times as they
  gathered the grains. Early porridges and breads
  developed.

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Agricultural Revolution

• Domestication turning plants and animals from
  wild into tame.
• Wild grains and wild animals became grains
  purposely grown and chickens and cows raised by
  hand PASTORALISM.
• This meant
• Surplus food
• Increased population
• Highly specialized farming

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Development of Use of Pottery and Metal

• Clay was turned into pottery which allowed
  infinite shapes and uses.
• Metal ores were refined into usable metals
  copper and bronze (copper and tin).
• Bronze is extremely strong better tools
  meaning
• Plows, knives, swords, etc.

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CIVILIZATION

• Surplus food, increased technology, etc. allowed
  nomadic hunter gatherers to stay in one place.
  This is seen as the start of civilization.
• Permanence allowed security which allowed THOUGHT
  EDUCATION etc!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

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River Civilizations

• In present day Iraq the Euphrates and Tigris
  Rivers created a fertile crescent of land where
  civilization flourished.
• MESOPOTAMIA the Greeks named this area
  Mesopotamia between the rivers.
• Nomadic herders found that the fertile land and
  abundant water supply allowed them to permanently
  live in the area.

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The Fertile Crescent
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• Silt the Euphrates and Tigris Rivers flooded
  and left the land covered with silt mud rich
  with minerals.
• The nomads who settled in Mesopotamia built dams
  and irrigation canals in order to control the
  flooding.
• This allowed the people of Mesopotamia to settle
  and develop a permanent civilization that last to
  this day. The land of Iraq is known as the
  cradle of civilization.

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• By 3500 B.C.E., the people of the fertile
  crescent established a series of city-states in
  an area known as SUMER.
• The Sumerian city-states often fought which
  kept them from truly unifying and creating a
  strong kingdom.
• The Sumerians practiced a form of religion that
  believed a spirit or god was found in every
  aspect of the physical world. A religion with
  more than one god is known as polytheism.

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Sumer
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• The Sumerians built great temples called
  ziggurats which were built in layers like a
  cake with each layer smaller than the one it
  was built on.

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• With permanence came more time for all aspects of
  life especially agriculture which led to
  surplus.
• Surplus led to selling the extra which led to
  trade which led to profit.
• Extra money meant people could buy more and more
  things which meant someone had to make these
  new objects.

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• This created a stratified society with people
  occupying different functions and occupations in
  society.
• The growing differences in peoples occupations
  and wealth led to the development of HIERARCHY.
  Where people are ranked by birth, wealth, etc.

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• Civilizations with great trade created forms of
  number keeping and writing allowing people to
  keep track of their possessions and debts.
• The Sumerians developed CUNEIFORM a writing
  on small clay tablets with sharpened sticks.
• The first literature known to archeologists was
  found written by the Sumerians.

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Cuneiform
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The Epic of Gilgamesh

• Perhaps the first important piece of literature
  written in history was The Epic of Gilgamesh.
• Gilgamesh was a fictional king of the Sumerian
  city of Uruk. The epic follows Gilgamesh through
  travels to the land of the dead where he is
  told to forget about an afterlife and live life
  to the fullest.
• Flood story

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Ancient Images of Gilgamesh
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3000-2000 B.C.E. Massive Western Asian Migration

• For nearly one thousand years, a large number of
  western Asian peoples migrated in the areas known
  as Eurasia and the Middle East. Most are divided
  into two groups based upon the origins of their
  languages.
• 1. Indo-European from north of the Black Sea
• 2. Semitic from the deserts of the Arabian
  peninsula

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• Semitic peoples moved east into the land of
  Mesopotamia where the people of Sumer had
  already established city-states.
• About (circa) 2330 B.C.E., the Semitic peoples
  conquered the people of Sumer and established the
  AKKADIAN EMPIRE.
• The Akkadians were led by SARGON THE GREAT the
  empire builder
• The Akkadians established an empire from
  Mesopotamia to the Mediterranean Sea.

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Sargon the Great
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• The Akkadian Empire was eventually ruled by the
  kings of the city of UR.
• The people of Mesopotamia prospered through trade
  with other parts of the Middle East.
• Internal strife made the region susceptible to
  invaders.

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Babylon

• ca. 1800 B.C.E. a new group of Semitic people
  moved into Mesopotamia and established a city
  along the Euphrates River BABYLON.
• The Babylonians soon controlled the cities of
  Mesopotamia.

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HAMMURABI

• The great leader of Babylon was HAMMURABI.
• Hammurabi adopted the culture and civilization of
  the peoples of Mesopotamia adding his peoples
  culture as well.

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The Code of Hammurabi an eye for an eye

• The complexity of the land of Babylon inspired
  Hammurabi to issue a written series of laws
  (codified) for the empire.
• The code was designed to keep social stability
  hierarchy.

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The Assyrian Empire

• The Assyrians were a Semitic people who settled
  in northern Mesopotamia ca. 2000B.C.E.
• By 650 B.C.E. the Assyrians had established an
  empire throughout Mesopotamia and the western
  coast of the Mediterranean Sea modern Egypt,
  Israel, Lebanon, Syria and Iraq.

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The Power of the Assyrian Empire

• An army organized into regular units
• Mandatory service in the army
• Officers placed by merit rather than social class
• Use of iron weapons
• Cavalry infantry chariots
• Standardized law and government throughout empire
• Communication road slinking the empire
• Mass deportations of conquered peoples
• ca. 722 B.C.E. Assyrians conquered the Israel and
  forced the Israelites to move to Mesopotamia

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The Chaldeans

• ca. 600 B.C.E. the Assyrian Empire crumbled
  attacked by the CHALDEANS who had earlier settled
  around the city of Babylon.
• The Chaldean king NEBUCHADNEZZAR conquered Israel
  destroyed the temple of Solomon and again
  forced the population to move to Babylon
  BABYLONIAN CAPTIVITY Jewish DIASPORA.

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The Chaldeans Babylonian Empire
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Lapis Lazuli
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The Persians

• By 539 B.C.E. The Chaldeans were overthrown by
  Indo-European invaders the PERSIANS.
• ca. 1500 B.C.E many Indo-European people moved
  from their homes in southern Russia into what is
  today Iran.
• Persians, Medes and other groups called
  themselves Aryans Iran Land of the Aryans.
• The Persians/Aryans developed a society in the
  drier and harsher climate east of Mesopotamia

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ZOROASTER

• A new religion developed among the Persians.
• Zoroaster Zarathushtra
• DOGMA
• Denounced polytheism
• One god Ahura Mazda - impersonal
• Earth is a battle ground between good and evil
• People were free to choose their paths in life-
  but they would be judged
• Heaven for the good hell for the evil
• Truth above all lying the greatest sin

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Development of the Persian Empire

• 550 B.C.E. the Persian king Cyrus II conquered
  his Aryan neighbors.
• The Persians moved west and conquered the lands
  of the old Assyrian Empire
• The Persians soon moved east into modern India
  and west into Turkey and even into Europe. King
  Darius I

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• Cyrus II
• tomb

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• Darius I

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Reasons for the Success of the Persian Empire

• Division of government and power into provinces
• Imperial agents The Kings Eyes and Ears
• Excellent road system
• Allowed conquered people some self-rule
• Organized economy silver shekel
• Army made up of professional soldiers
• 10,000 Immortals
• Archers
• Sickle wheeled chariots
• navy

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• The Persian Empire grew in strength and size
  until a small nation of Europeans challenged the
  massive Persian army.
• 331 B.C.E. the once great Persian army was
  forever destroyed by ALEXANDER THE GREAT of
  Greece.