The New Republic 1789-1816

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The New Republic1789-1816

• How did the United States build a government,
  expand its territory, and conduct foreign policy
  in its early years?

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Government and Party PoliticsChapter 6, Section 1

• How did debate over the role of government lead
  to the formation of political parties?

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Sec 1 Government and Party Politics
Government and Party Politics
Building the Federal Government   Main Idea The
new government started out with enormous
problems, including a large national debt, a
small military, Spains efforts to keep trade
closed along the Mississippi River, and British
forts still maintained along the Great Lakes.
Important tasks for the new republic included
electing a president, and setting up the
judiciary and Cabinet. Hamiltons Plans Stir
Debate Main Idea As a Federalist, Hamilton
believed that a strong centralized government was
necessary to preserve the Union. However, as he
developed plans for paying off the new nations
great debts, his plans received fierce and
vocation opposition from Antifederalists.
Opposing Hamilton Main Idea Opposition to
Hamiltons plans grew steadily in the South,
where the states income from agriculture enabled
them to pay their share of the countrys debts.
A Two-Party System Emerges Main Idea The
federal government, headed by Washington and
Hamilton, sought to secure its power and
authority. Meanwhile the opposition, led by
Madison and Jefferson, grew stronger.


Continued
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Sec 1 Government and Party Politics (cont)
Government and Party Politics (continued)
Witness History The First Inaugural Note
Taking Reading Skill Summarize Chart
Hamiltons Plan for Restructuring Debt Color
Transparencies The First President Political
Cartoons The Whiskey Rebellion Infographic
Political Parties Grow History Interactive
Political Parties Grow Progress Monitoring
Transparency
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Note Taking Reading Skill Summarize
Reading Skill Summarize
NOTE TAKING
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Problems Faced by the New Government

• Huge war debt from the Revolutionary War
• No permanent capital
• No federal officers beyond Washington, John
  Adams, and the newly elected Congress

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First Inauguration

• The oath of office was administered in New York
  City
• George Washington repeated the oath of office of
  President
• Inauguration official swearing-in ceremony
• Cabinet leaders of the executive departments of
  the federal government

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President Washington

• Administration staff in the executive branch
• Precedent something done or said that becomes an
  example, rule, or tradition
• Established a tone of dignity Washington
  believed that parties and pomp were necessary to
  command the respect of the world
• Elected to second term in 1792
• Tradition of being elected for only two terms

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Leaders

• President
• George Washington
• Vice President
• John Adams

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Transparency The First President
The First President
TRANSPARENCY
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Setting Up the Judiciary

• Constitution called for Supreme Court and smaller
  ones
• Left details of organization to Congress
• Judiciary Act of 1789 system of courts
• Thirteen federal district courts
• John Jay was first Chief Justice of the U.S.

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Government Affairs

• Foreign affairs relations with foreign
  countries the Secretary of State heads the State
  Department and coordinated U.S. involvement with
  foreign countries
• Domestic affairs Issues relating to a countrys
  internal affairs

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Cabinet

• Cabinet officials selected by the President to
  head the major departments of the executive
  branch and to advise the President
• Attorney General Edmund Randolph
• Secretary of War Henry Knox
• Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson
• Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton

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Thomas Jefferson

• Planter, lawyer, and diplomat had served several
  years as ambassador to France
• Writer, inventor, and violinist
• Founded the University of Virginia

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Alexander Hamilton

• Brilliant man
• Private secretary to General Washington
• Believed that governmental power could accomplish
  great things

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Hamilton and Jefferson Debate

• Hamilton and Jefferson in Conflict
• Hamilton strong central government led by
  wealthy, educated
• Jefferson strong state, local government
  peoples participation
• Hamilton has Northern support Jefferson has
  Southern, Western

• Hamiltons Economic Plan
• U.S. owes millions to foreign countries, private
  citizens
• Planpay foreign debt, issue new bonds, assume
  states debt
• Some Southern states have paid debts, against
  taxes to pay for North

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Hamiltons Program

• Supported strong national power
• Little faith in the people
• Felt that government needed to direct the
  development of the American economy
• Hamiltons Plan take on Revolutionary War debts
  of states
• Wanted to charter a Bank of the U.S.

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Deal

• Southern states would support the debt plan, if
  northern states would support the plan to locate
  the capital in the South
• Hamiltons strategy
• - Creditors owed money by the government did
  not want government to collapse
• - Creditors were concerned with the future of
  the U.S. so they would get paid
• Set up a budget payment plan sell government
  bonds

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Chart Hamiltons Plan for Restructuring Debt
Hamiltons Plan for Restructuring Debt
CHART
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Hamiltons Opponents

• Washington sided with Hamilton
• Thomas Jefferson resigned from the Cabinet in
  1793.
• Believed that Hamilton was betraying the spirit
  of the Revolution
• Had more faith in the people

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Interpretation of Constitution

• Strict construction government should not do
  anything unless specified in the Constitution
• Loose construction government could do anything
  that was not forbidden in the Constitution

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Payment Plan

• Tariff enacted in 1789 to tax imported goods to
  raise money
• 1791, congress placed a tax on whiskey
• Fund set up to pay creditors slowly, with interest

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Whiskey Rebellion

• Corn made into whiskey
• Used as a kind of currency
• Rebels closed courts and attacked tax collectors
• 1794, army of 12,000 men put down the rebellion
  in Pennsylvania to demonstrate the power of the
  government

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Analyzing Political Cartoons The Whiskey
Rebellion
Analyzing Political Cartoons The Whiskey
Rebellion
TRANSPARENCY
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Infographic Political Parties Grow
Political Parties Grow
INFOGRAPHIC
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Democratic Republicans

• Stood for a more democratic republic
• Along with Federalists, they became the first
  political parties a group of people who seek to
  win elections and hold public office in order to
  control government policy and programs

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Progress Monitoring Transparency Section 1
PM TRANSPARENCY
Progress Monitoring Transparency
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The Struggle Over Foreign Policy

• Chapter 6 Section 2
• How did foreign policy challenges affect
  political debate and shape American government?

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Sec 2 The Struggle Over Foreign Policy
The Struggle Over Foreign Policy
Conflict in the Ohio Valley Main Idea From the
forts they maintained along the Great Lakes, the
British supplied the Miami Indians and their
allies with arms and ammunition. The British
hoped to limit American settlement in the
Northwest Territory. This led to violent
conflict. American Relations With Europe Main
Idea While the British were helping Native
Americans take a stand against the United States,
Americans became embroiled in the first major
foreign policy event of its short history the
French Revolution. The Parties Debate Foreign
Policy Main Idea The Federalists and
Antifederalists conflicted over many issues
concerning government power. A crisis in France
briefly united the nation, but the Alien and
Sedition Acts and the Virginia and Kentucky
Resolutions soon revealed the party divisions
once again. The Election of 1800 Main Idea
Complications in the election of 1800 forced the
House of Representatives to choose between
Jefferson and Aaron Burr. Burr had been
Jeffersons running mate, and both men won 73
electoral votes. To avoid another electoral
crisis, in 1804 the Constitution was amended to
require electors to vote separately for President
and Vice President. Continued
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Sec 2 The Struggle Over Foreign Policy (cont)
The Struggle Over Foreign Policy (continued)
Witness History A Great Orator Speaks Note
Taking Reading Skill Identify Supporting
Details Color Transparencies The XYZ
Affair Political Cartoons Fighting Over the
Sedition Act Map Presidential Election of
1800 Progress Monitoring Transparency
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Note Taking Reading Skill Identify Supporting
Details
Reading Skill Identify Supporting Details
NOTE TAKING
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Analyzing Political Cartoons Fighting Over the
Sedition Act
Analyzing Political Cartoons Fighting Over the
Sedition Act
TRANSPARENCY
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French Revolution

• 1789 French people overthrew King Louis XVI
• During the Reign of Terror, thousands of people
  were executed,
• including King Louis XVI and Queen Marie
  Antoinette

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War

• Federalists opposed the French Revolution, while
  Jefferson and his supporters thought of it as an
  extension of the American Revolution
• War broke out between Great Britain and France
• America neutral

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Jays Treaty

• Washington sided with Britain in war because of
  British navy
• Britain agreed to leave the forts in Northwest
  Territory
• Expanded trade, but did not solve ship problem of
  stopping American ships to search for British
  subjects
• Lost support of many Americans

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Washingtons Legacy

• Washington was famous for his honesty, dignity,
  an self-control
• He was very popular in his first four years
• Problems clouded his second term

• Many distrusted the government
• Many disliked Hamiltons economic plans
• Jefferson resigned in 1793
• Divisions in the government developed

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Capital City

• First government was in New York City
• Capital moved to Philadelphia in 1790
• Residence Act of 1790 10-square-mile stretch of
  land on Virginia-Maryland border
• District of Columbia
• Benjamin Banneker surveyor
• Pierre-Charles LEnfant developed the city plan
  with broad streets, the White House for the
  Presidents residence, and the Capitol building
  for Congress moved in 1800

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U.S. Response to Events in Europe
Reactions to the French Revolution Federalists
pro-British Democratic-Republicans
pro-French Washington declares neutrality, will
not support either side Edmond Genêt, French
diplomat, violates diplomatic protocol
Treaty with Spain Spain negotiates with Thomas
Pinckney, U.S. minister to Britain Pinckneys
Treaty of 1795, or Treaty of San Lorenzo,
signed - Spain gives up claims to western U.S.
- Florida-U.S. boundary set at 31st parallel -
Mississippi River open to U.S. traffic
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Washingtons Farewell Address

• A system of political parties agitates the
  Community with ill-founded jealousies and false
  alarms, kindles the animosity of one part against
  another, and foments stirs up occasional riot
  and insurrection. 1796

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Election of 1796

• Washington set a precedent of serving two terms
• John Adams ran against Thomas Jefferson.
• Adams elected with Jefferson his Vice President
  (from different political parties)

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Progress Monitoring Transparency Section 2
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John Adams

• Second President
• Lacked the prestige of Washington
• Rise of political parties
• Threat of war from abroad with the French over
  Jays Treaty
• French began seizing American ships in French
  harbors

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XYZ Affair

• French were seizing American ships
• X, Y, and Z were French agents sent by Tallyrand
  to demand a bribe from America to see him
• Americans returned home
• Undeclared war with France

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Transparency The XYZ Affair
The XYZ Affair
TRANSPARENCY
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Adams Provokes Criticism
First Party-Based Elections 1796, Federalist
John Adams elected president - Jefferson, a
Democratic-Republican, is vice-president Result
of sectionalism, placing regional interests
above nation
Adams Tries to Avoid War French see Jays
Treaty as violation of alliance seize U.S.
ships XYZ AffairFrench officials demand bribe
to see foreign minister Congress creates navy
department Washington called to lead army
Undeclared naval war rages between France,
U.S. for two years
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Alien Act

• President gained the right to imprison or deport
  citizens of other countries residing in the U.S.

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Sedition Act

• Persons who wrote, published, or said anything
  of a false, scandalous, and malicious nature
  against the American government or its officials
  could be jailed or fined

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Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

• Jefferson, Madison, and others felt the Sedition
  Act violated free speech
• Legislatures of two states came up with null and
  void idea
• Stated that states had the right to judge whether
  federal laws agreed with the Constitution

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Nullification

• Principle that a state could declare a federal
  law null and void in a state
• Principle unresolved

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Prossers Rebellion

• Gabriel Prosser, a blacksmith, in Richmond,
  Virginia, led a rebellion. It failed and twenty
  of them were executed.

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Election of 1800

• Personal attacks
• Jefferson versus Adams
• Jefferson did not gain a majority so decided in
  the House of Representatives

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Transfer of Power

• Peaceful
• Americans must be willing to disagree peacefully

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Map Presidential Elections of 1800
Presidential Election of 1800
MAP
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The Age of Jefferson

• Chapter 6 Section 3
• What were the successes and failures of the
  Jefferson administrations?

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Sec 3 The Age of Jefferson
The Age of Jefferson
Pursuing Republican Principles   Main Idea
Jefferson and his administration set out to do
things quite differently from their Federalist
predecessors. Jefferson cut taxes but succeeded
at cutting the national debt by streamlining
government bureaucracy. Federal revenue also
surged due to growth in foreign trade and sale of
federal lands. John Marshalls Supreme
Court Main Idea John Marshall, a Federalist,
became the Chief Justice of the United States in
1801. His four-part legacy and his participation
in over 1,000 court decisions made a tremendous
impact on the nations history. The Nation
Expands Main Idea Jefferson insisted that farm
ownership was essential to the freedom of white
Americans. Yet, without expansion there would not
be enough farms for the rapidly growing
population. As a result, Jefferson set his sights
on expanding the U.S. to the Pacific.
Jeffersons Foreign Troubles Main Idea While
Jefferson succeeded in his plans to expand to the
west, he faced significant challenges to
solidifying the position of the United States as
an international power.
Continued
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Sec 3 The Age of Jefferson (cont)
The Age of Jefferson (continued)
Witness History A Jefferson Calls for Free
Speech Note Taking Reading Skill Identify
Main Ideas Note Taking Reading Skill
Recognize Sequence Color Transparencies The
Marshall Court Geography Interactive U.S.
Territory, 1803 Chart U.S. Population,
1790-1810 Map The Reexport Trade in
Action Progress Monitoring Transparency
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Reducing Government

• Jefferson reversed much of what the Federalists
  had done, such as presidential style addressed
  as Mr. President
• Reduced taxes
• Cut the bureaucracy the departments and workers
  that make up the federal government
• Slashed the size of the army to 3,000 men
• Let stand the Bank of the United States since
  charter would expire in 1811

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Rivals to Jefferson

• Aaron Burr Vice President
• Alexander Hamilton, now a lawyer in New York
• Burr killed Hamilton in a duel in 1804, ending
  his political future

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Judiciary Acts

• Judiciary Act of 1789 created a national court
  system with three circuit courts and thirteen
  district courts, headed by the Supreme Court
• Stated that the Supreme Court would settle
  differences between state and federal laws

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Judiciary Acts

• Judiciary Act of 1801 decreased the number of
  Supreme Court justices and increased the number
  of federal judges. Adams filled the new posts to
  have more Federalists judges
• Known as midnight judges
• Angered Jefferson who felt that he should appoint
  new judges from his political party

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John Marshall

• Federalist leader
• Became Chief Justice in 1801 and held post for 34
  years
• Established principle of constitutional law
  judicial review
• Insisted federal laws were superior to state laws

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Marbury v. Madison

• Adams appointed Marbury as justice of the peace
  for the District of Columbia
• Secretary of State Madison never delivered the
  papers
• Marbury sued Madison
• Chief Justice Marshall ruled against Marbury
  declared part of the Judiciary Act of 1789
  unconstitutional
• Established the power of judicial review

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Judicial Review

• Enables federal courts to review state laws and
  court decisions
• Can decide if laws passed by Congress are
  constitutional

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Note Taking Reading Skill Recognize Sequence
Reading Skill Recognize Sequence
NOTE TAKING
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Transparency The Marshall Court
The Marshall Court
TRANSPARENCY
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Chart U.S. Population, 1790-1810
U.S. Population, 1790-1810
CHART
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Louisiana Purchase

• Northwest Ordinance of 1787 established a
  process by which territories could become states
• Land Act of 1800 Americans able to buy land in
  small parcels and on credit
• Napoleon, the French ruler, took over much of the
  Spanish land in the West and charged large sums
  of money from American traders to use the
  Mississippi River and New Orleans

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Louisiana Purchase

• France controlled New Orleans
• Napoleon failed to stop a rebellion in Haiti
• Jefferson sent James Monroe to Paris to buy New
  Orleans for 10 million, but he bought all French
  land for 15 million
• Jefferson overcame doubts about constitutionality
  of buying land and signed purchase
• Doubled the size of the U.S.

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Lewis and Clark Expedition

• Meriwether Lewis and William Clark explored the
  Louisiana Purchase in 1804 to make contact with
  Native Americans and to gather information about
  the regions natural resources
• Sacajawea and husband were interpreters

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Zebulon Pike

• Traveled as far west as the Rockies and then
  south into Spanish-held territory between 1806
  and 1807
• Pikes Peak

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Foreign Policy

• Jays Treaty expired in 1805
• Great Britain and France at war again
• Harassing American ships British kidnapping
  American sailors
• Leopard incident British ship, the Leopard,
  attacked the U.S.S. Chesapeake, inflicting 21
  casualties in search of deserters from the
  British navy

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Barbary War

• Barbary States of North Africa used piracy for
  profit
• U.S. had paid prote4ction money to the Barbary
  States
• Price increased, so Jefferson blockaded the port
  of Tripoli
• Peace in 1805

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Reexport Trade

• War between Britain and France with British
  capturing French merchant ships
• Americans brought cargoes from French islands to
  American ports, and then shipped them to France
• British began to confiscate American merchant
  ships for trading with the French
• British began to impress American sailors

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Map The Reexport Trade in Action
The Reexport Trade in Action
MAP
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Embargo of 1807

• Outlawed almost all trade with foreign countries
• Little effect on British or French trade
• Americans smuggled goods to Europe in defiance of
  the embargo (a restriction of trade)
• Jefferson used navy and federal agents to enforce
  the law
• Ruined Jeffersons second term

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Note Taking Reading Skill Identify Main Ideas
Reading Skill Identify Main Ideas
NOTE TAKING
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Election of 1808

• James Madison was elected president
• Jefferson retired to his home

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Progress Monitoring Transparency Section 3
PM TRANSPARENCY
Progress Monitoring Transparency
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The War of 1812

• Chapter 6 Section 4
• Why did the United States go to war with Britain,
  and what was the outcome of that war?

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Sec 4 The War of 1812
The War of 1812
Gearing Up for War Main Idea Democratic
Republicans felt humiliated by the failure of the
1807 embargo against Britain. With persistent
British abuses on the oceans, and stepped-up
Native American resistance in the West, Americans
increasingly blamed the British for their
problems. War Breaks Out Main Idea President
Madison urged Congress to declare war on Britain
in June of 1812. Disunited, unprepared, and with
only a small army and navy, the United States
went to war once again with the worlds greatest
power. Wars Aftermath and Effects Main Idea
After the War of 1812 and Jacksons victory in
New Orleans, Americans experienced a surge of
nationalism and a new confidence in the strength
of their republic. By weathering a difficult war,
the nation seemed certain to endure. Also,
westward expansion contributed to a union that
was bigger and stronger than ever. Witness
History Burning the Capital Note Taking
Reading Skill Recognize Sequence Decision
Point Should the United States Declare War on
Britain? Continued
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Sec 4 The War of 1812 (cont)
The War of 1812 (continued)
Geography Interactive Major Battles of the War
of 1812 Color Transparencies The War of
1812 Analyze Cause and Effect The War of
1812 Progress Monitoring Transparency
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Northwest Ordinance of 1787

• No state northwest of the Ohio River could be a
  slave state
• Missouri not covered by this law
• Northern congressmen worried that if Missouri was
  admitted as a slave state, the balance of power
  would tip toward the South

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War in the Old Northwest

• American Revolution weakened Iroquois and
  Cherokee
• Miami, Delaware, Shawnee, and other Native
  American groups grouped to fight expansion
• Miamitown 1790 Little Turtle and Blue Jacket
  defeat army
• Expedition led by Arthur St. Clair defeated

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Battles-Army Victories

• Legion of the U.S. led by General Wayne win at
  the Battle of Fallen Timbers in Ohio
• Native American groups forced to accept Treaty of
  Greenville
• Miami, Delaware, Shawnee, and other groups lost
  southern two thirds of Ohio
• Ohio River no longer a permanent boundary between
  their land and settlers

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Native American Reaction

• 1. Accept white culture
• 2. Blending Indian and American cultures
• 3. Returning to Indian religious traditions
• 4. Taking military actions

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Accepting White Culture

• Little Turtle-leader of the Miami people
• Adopted some American customs
• Tried to live peacefully with settlers

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Blending Cultures

• Handsome Lake - a Seneca called for a rebirth of
  Seneca culture that would blend customs of both
  Native Americans and Americans
• Urged his people to abandon war and focus on
  rituals

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Returning to Traditions

• Tenskwatawa (the Prophet) called for a rejection
  of European ways and a return to tradition
• Established Prophetstown in Indiana had warlike
  attitude

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Military Action

• Tecumseh believed that Native Americans must
  unite the Native American groups to fight the
  Americans brother of Tenskwatawa
• Battle of Tippecanoe William Henry Harrison was
  attacked by Tenskwatawa Prophetstown burned

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Result

• Tecumseh dies in Canada during the War of 1812 at
  the Battle of the Thames
• Tecumseh does not accomplish goal of uniting
  Native Americans
• Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa showed defiance and
  earned respect for their people and culture

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Note Taking Reading Skill Recognize Sequence
Reading Skill Recognize Sequence
NOTE TAKING
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Decision Point Should the United States Declare
War on Britain
Should the United States Declare War on Britain?
DECISION POINT
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Reasons for War

• Americans believed the British were encouraging
  the Native Americans to attack
• War Hawks (Clay and Calhoun) wanted Britain out
  of North America
• British interference with shipping-
• impressment the act of forcing people into
  military service

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Land War

• Tried to defeat British in Canada defeated by
  the British in summer of 1812 Americans were
  poorly equipped and led
• Battle of the Thames, 1813, Americans defeated
  British and Native Americans, including Tecumseh

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Naval War

• American vessels outnumbered 20 to 1
• Perry defeated British fleet on Lake Erie,
  protecting northern border
• British blockaded coast

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Baltimore

• British bombarded Fort McHenry
• Francis Scott Key watched and wrote the
  Star-spangled banner

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Washington, D.C.

• 1814, British ended war with Napoleon
• British seized Washington and burned the White
  House and the Capital
• President Madison fled

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War Ends

• The Hartford Convention 1814 New England
  considered leaving the Union called for
  constitutional amendments to increase New
  Englands political power
• Treaty of Ghent
• -Representatives met in Belgium
• -All old boundaries between the U.S. and
  Britain were restored

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Transparency The War of 1812
The War of 1812
TRANSPARENCY
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Battle of New Orleans

• Two weeks after treaty signed
• General Andrew Jackson defeated the British
• Battle unified country and made Jackson a hero

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Analyze Cause and Effect The War of 1812
Cause and Effect The War of 1812
ANALYZE