Machu Piccu

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Machu Piccu
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Inca Road System

• Over 14,000 miles of road
• Connected mountain people with lowland population
• Paved the roads with stone and created walls so
  that travelers would not fall of cliffs
• Greatly increased trade, communication, and
  transport
• Rest stops were created along the road systems

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Inca Social Life

• Inca diet consisted mostly of potatoes, grains,
  berries, fish, vegetable, maize, nuts
• Ate alpaca, guinea pig, and other wild animal
  meat
• Road system aided the success of the farming
  community

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Spanish Conquest

• Weakened Empire
• Inca was divided by a war between Huascar Capac
  and Atahualpa Capac over newly dominated
  territory
• Smallpox spread from Central America
• Pizarro came with few men but
  thousands of native allies

Pizarro
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Spanish Conquest

• Atahualpa defeated his brother in the civil war
  and asked to meet with Pizarro
• Spanish tried to convince them to accept King
  Charles I and convert to Christianity
• Spanish became impatient and attacked the Inca
  and took Atahualpa as a hostage
• Took royal gold and silver and put him to death
• Appointed Manco Inca Capac as the emperor and
  expected him to follow Spanish rule

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Spanish Presence in Americas

• Primarily in South (Latin) America and Mexico
  (which extended quite far north)
• Encomienda system of land allocation puts
  Spanish/European landowning system in New World
• Mercantilist economy tied to Spain, made Spain
  economic superpower in Europe in the 16-17th
  century

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Economic/Revolution

• Economy derived from Sugar plantations in
  Caribbean new world crops (corn, coffee,
  chocolate, potatoes)
• But more from mineral wealth Gold, Silver
  (Potosi), gemstones.
• Spanish govt implants admin system of viceroys
  or intendants
• All goes along well until the French Revolution
  and American Rev. late 1700s

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Reasons for anti-Spanish

• Spain also decreases in power after 1700 as their
  royal dynasty dies out and the Bourbon dynasty of
  France is installed.
• Significant disgruntlement among indigenous
  population over forced conversion unhappiness of
  local spanish population over ties to Spain and
  viceroy and social system

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Napoleons Coronation (painting by J.L. David)
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• 1808 in the midst of Napoleonic wars in Europe,
  Napoleon invades Portugal
• Royal family of Portugal flees to Brazil and
  locals rebel
• Former independence movement in Brazil in Minas
  Gervais in 1789 led by Tiradentes had failed
• Same thing in Spanish countries as Creoles are
  displaced by Peninsulares (native Europeans)
  emigration increased after Napoleon puts his
  brother on the throne.
• Spanish revolt against Josef Bonaparte and form
  Juntas, claiming that they rule in the name of
  the legitimate king, Ferdinand VII
• 1810 Creoles in Latin America claim loyalty to
  Ferdinand and charge their Vice-Roy with
  disloyalty
• If the king cant rule them, they will rule
  themselves!

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• 1810 Priest Miguel de Hidalgo leads revolt
  against local Spanish rule in Mexico
• Proclaimed Revolution on September 16, 1810
• Originally started as part of a Creole social
  club, but overthrown turns to the local
  population of Indians and marched on Queretaro
• Hidalgos forced defeated January 1811
• He is captured, excommunicated, and sentenced to
  death. When given a chance to renounce his
  treason, he does, and thus is seen as a traitor
  instead of martyr

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• 1820 General Augustin de Iturbide declares
  independence from Spain
• He is a compromise candidate as Fr. Jose Maria
  Morales seen as too radical, executed after
  capture by Iturbide in 1815
• Iturbide in 1820 claims Mexican independence with
  Spanish Monarchy in 1821 the Mexican congress
  crowns him as Emperor Augustin I overthrown in
  1823.

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• Southern republics of Mexico break away and
  become Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras,
  Nicaragua and Costa Rica
• Ultimately will lead to war in 1846 with US, but
  Mexico is a republic with a president,
  constitution and congress.

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Contrast with Brazil

• Brazilians developed earlier sense of Nationalism
  in conflict between Portuguese and Dutch over
  commercial interests. Ca. 1654, Brazil expels
  Dutch in favor of Portugal, but considers
  themselves on an equal footing with Spanish
  colonies.
• Different social situation than Mexico more
  about money than race.

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Brazilian Independence

• 1729 Portugal realizes that Minas Gerais has been
  mining diamonds as well as gold, tries to limit
  of people, but theres a huge rush to mine
  diamonds. Glut.
• While racism isnt in effect as the Creoles in
  mexico, slavery is a major factor in Portugal
  escaped slaves become Quilombos, intermix with
  local population
• Coffee and sugar also major crops (labor
  intensive)

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Brazil

• 1808 everything falls apart because of Napoleon
  as well
• Royal family of Portugal flees to Brazil and
  locals rebel
• Former independence movement in Brazil in Minas
  Gervais in 1789 led by Tiradentes had failed.
• In the midst of Napoleons wars, with King in
  Portugal, new republic set up.

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Venezuela

• Simon Bolivar b. 1793 Creole
• Enlightenment influenced, studied in Europe
• Claimed loyalty to Ferd. 7th in 1810
• Goes to Britain for help
• 1811 congress declares Venezuela independent
• 1812 Earthquake

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Bolivar, continued

• 1816 Bolivar returns with military aid against
  King
• 1819 Bolivar becomes President new constitution,
  hereditary senate
• Bolivar provides military aid against spain and
  helps liberate Equador, Columbia (including
  Panama) and Grand Columbia.
• Bolivia named after him