The Rise of Medieval Europe

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The Rise of Medieval Europe
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Medieval Europe
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Collapse of the Roman Empire

• In 476 AD when the Roman Empire fell in the West
• Political system.
• Economic system
• Trade
• Legal System
• Infrastructure
• Education
• Urban areas

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Frankish rulers

• Merovingian Rulers (400-700 AD)
• Clovis
• 1st Germanic ruler to accept Christianity
• Charles Martel (AKA The Hammer)
• Stopped spread of Islam in 732 at Battle of Tours
  in France
• Pepin the Short
• Anointed by the Pope and supported the Christian
  Church
• Took lands from the Byzantine Empire

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Charlemagne

• Charles the Great
• Doubled his kingdom-became known as the Frankish
  Empire
• Established schools for his people
• Used bureaucracy (Counts) to help run the empire
• Missi dominici inspections

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Frankish Empire
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Death of Charlemagne

• Empire divided up when Charlemagne died in 814 AD
• Empire passed to his son, Louis the Pious
• Louis three sons fight over the land and the
  empire is divided up into three kingdoms
• The sons got land that would later become France,
  Germany, and parts of Italy

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Invasion from the North
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The Vikings or Norsemen
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Invasions from the North

• Norsemen from Scandinavia began in the 800s AD
• Going a-viking
• Fierce fighters known for their surprise attacks
• Originally left in search of new lands to
  populate
• Vikings were important because they conducted
  long distance trade throughout Europe and the
  Mediterranean
• Eventually, the Norsemen began to settle down and
  establish territories. Normandy and England.

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A New Europe

• Cities became isolated
• Constant invasion by foreign armies
• Trade declined
• Education stopped
• Economies collapsed
• No real central control of government

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Medieval Life

• A new political system developed in Europe from
  900-1100 Feudalism
• Feudalism was based on alliances between the
  kings and nobles
• Land was given to the nobles in exchange for
• Loyalty
• Military aid
• Land also came with peasants to work the land.

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Feudal Relationships

• Kings gave fiefs (land) to nobles
• The nobles would then provide the king with
  knights and soldiers when necessary
• These nobles were called vassals
• Vassals could pledge alliance to more than one
  noble
• This could pose a problem if the vassal had more
  than one alliance and the nobles fought against
  each other

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Feudal Obligations

• Vassals performed homage to the lord.
• These were ceremonies and services
• The most important was military service.
• In addition, the vassal would agree to host the
  lord when he came visiting and would pay for the
  lords son to become a knight or contribute to
  the lords eldest daughter when she married.

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Castes for Defense

• A lack of a strong central government meant that
  wars occurred frequently.
• The lords often built castles to protect their
  subjects.

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Life of Nobility

• Lord and Lady of the Manor
• Unlimited power on the manor
• Most nobles were also knights.
• Process of becoming a knight
• Page (age 7)
• Squire (age 15)
• Knight
• Code of Chivalry

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Knighthood
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Manorial System
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Life on the Manor

• Work on the manor was done by the serfs
• Serfs were tied to the land and could not leave
  without permission from the lord of the manor.

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Increased Production

• Three field system
• Fallow field
• Mouldboard plow
• Horse collar

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The Medieval Church

• During the Middle Ages, the Catholic Church was
  the center of most peoples lives.
• The Church became an important institution after
  the fall of the Roman Empire.
• The Pope had become an important political
  leader.

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Religious Role

• The Church taught that all people were sinners
  and needs Gods grace.
• The only way to win this grace was through the
  Sacraments
• Baptism
• Penance
• Eucharist
• Confirmation
• Matrimony
• Anointing of the sick
• Holy orders

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Religious Role (Cont)

• During the Middle Ages, people had a limited
  understanding of church rituals.
• Services were conducted in Latin
• Many priests were poorly educated
• Most of the people were illiterate
• The average person learned about the church
  through the church itself.

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The Cathedal
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Church Organization

• Church hierarchy
• Pope, Bishops, and Priests lived in saeculo or in
  the world
• Other clergy lived regula or by rules. These
  were monks and nuns that lived away from society.

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Monastic Life

• Benedict
• Monte Cassino
• Monks took a vow of poverty, chastity, and follow
  the rules f the abbot or head of the monastery.
• Monks led simple lives.
• Wore robes made of course material tied with a
  rope
• Ate one or two meals a day
• Some took vows of silence

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Monastic Life (Cont)

• Women could join religious orders under the
  direction of an abbess.
• Called nuns
• Wore simple clothes
• Worked by spinning, weaving, and embroidering
  material

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Influence of Monastics

• Monks copies books by hand
• Monasteries and convents provide
• Schools
• Hospitals
• Food for poor
• Lodging for travelers
• Some monks and nuns spread the religion to
  non-Christians.

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Power of the Church

• Political power
• Church could prevent rulers from leading
• Church had its own laws (Canon Law)
• Financial Power
• Tax exempt
• Received tithes
• Simony
• High Church officials were knights

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Church Reforms

• By 900, Christians began to call for reforms
• Move away from feudal control of the Church
• 1059, Cardinals would now elect the Pope
• Church, not nobles appointed Church officials
• 1073-Investiture Controversy
• Gregory VII and Henry IV fight over who could
  appoint bishops
• Papal Bull of Church Infallibility

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Fighting Heresy

• 1215, Pope Innocent III attempted to stop abuses
  by church officials
• Heresy denial of basic church teachings
• Excommunication expulsion from the Church

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Inquisition
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Friars Inspire Reforms

• 1200 Friars (wandering preachers) restored the
  public faith in the Church
• Friars lived simply
• Worked out among the people
• Preached Christianity to the people
• Francis of Assisi
• Franciscan Order
• Dominic
• Dominican Order

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The Jews

• Early Middle Ages-Christians and Jews lived
  together in peace.
• By 1000, Jews became the target of blame for
  plagues, famines, and other social ills.
• Church leaders began to blame the Jews for the
  death of Jesus
• Jews became persecuted throughout Europe
• In the late 1200s the Jews began to move into
  areas that protected them (Eastern Europe)

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Rise of European Monarchy

• England
• After the fall of Rome, Angles, Jutes, and Saxons
  invaded England
• By 886, King Alfred the Great had defeated the
  Danes and established an Anglo-Saxon kingdom
  known as Angleland
• Alfred was much like Charlemagne. He was
  interested in learning and built schools
  throughout his kingdom
• The last Anglo-Saxon king was Edward the
  Confessor who died in 1066

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Norman Conquest

• One of the people that claimed the throne after
  Edwards death was William of Normandy
• In October 1066, William invaded England with
  6,000 soldiers
• He met Harold Godwinson at the Battle of Hastings
• Williams armies won the battle and he became
  known as William the Conqueror

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Battle of Hastings 1066
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William the Conqueror
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Williams Reign

• William replaced Anglo-Saxon landowners with
  Norman vassals
• Set up a system to collect taxes through sheriffs
• He conducted the first census in western Europe
  to see what could be taxed in his new kingdom.
  This census was recorded in the Domesday Book
• Over the next 300 years Norman and Anglo-Saxon
  culture blended

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Royal Power

• Henry II, Williams Grandson set up a system of
  common laws for all
• Circuit Judges
• Grand jury
• Petit jury
• Henry tired to bring the church under his royal
  laws. The brought him in conflict with the
  Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas a Becket

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Murder of Becket 1170
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Royal Power

• Henry ruled parts of France with his wife Eleanor
  of Aquitaine.
• Henry had two sons, Richard I and John
• While Richard was off fighting in the 3rd
  Crusade, John was left to rule England
• During Johns reign as king, England lost lands
  in France.
• He increased taxes and began to throw nobles in
  prison for treason.

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1215 Magna Carta

• Great Charter
• Set clear limits on the power of the king
• Prevented the king from raising taxes without the
  consent of the nobles
• Assured freemen of their right to trial by jury
• Great Council-Parliament

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France

• Carolinginian Dynasty
• Capetian Dynasty 987
• Hugh Capet
• Established self-rule of towns, freeing them
  from feudal obligations
• Philip II (Philip Augustus) 1180-1223
• Doubled the size of the kingdom
• Appointed local officials loyal to him
• Formed a royal army
• Reduced the power of feudal lords

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France

• Louis IX (1226)
• Made royal courts dominant over feudal courts
• Took power to coin money away from feudal lords
• Banned private wars and the right to bear arms
• Considered very religious
• Philip IV (Philip the Fair)
• Louis grandson
• Fought both England and Flanders for trade and
  land
• Summoned the Estates-General and attempted to use
  it to raise taxes on a national level
• Raised taxes on all including the church

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Holy Roman Empire

• Present day Germany
• Never really powerful due to numerous German
  nobles that controlled their lands
• Henry IV and Gregory VII Investiture Controversy