Unit 8: Human Body Levels of Organization

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Unit 8 Human BodyLevels of Organization

• 8.0 The cell is the smallest level of
  organization.
• 8.1 Tissue is a group of similar cells that work
  together. Example Muscle Tissue
• 8.2 Organ is a group of two or more types of
  tissue that work together.
• Examples Brain, Lung, Heart

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• 8.3 Organ System is a group of organs that work
  together. Example Digestive system includes
  mouth, stomach, and intestines to break down
  food.

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• 8.4 The Body Systems Skin, Skeletal, Muscular,
  Digestive, Respiratory, Circulatory, Excretory,
  Nervous, and Reproductive

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8.5 Types of Animal Tissue

• Epithelial Tissue the skin that covers the
  outside of most animals.
• Nerve Tissue this tissue sends electrical
  signals through the body.

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• 3. Muscle Tissue this tissue lets animals move,
  run, jump, swim, and wiggle.
• 4. Connective Tissue this tissue joins body
  parts together.
• Examples Tendons, Fat, Blood

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The Skin System

• 8.6 The Functions of the Skin System
• 1. Protection from germs, water loss,
  bumps, U.V. rays
• 2. Cooling by evaporation
• 3. Fatfood storage, insulation from cold.

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• 8.7 Epidermis New growth moves to the surface in
  3 weeks. Old growth dies and sheds.
• 8.8 Sebaceous Glands Secretes oil to waterproof
  skin and soften hair. Acne infections occur when
  too much oil is produced.

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• 8.9 Melanin (Skin pigmentation) The more
  melanin..the darker your skin will become.
  Melanin protects your skin from the harmful
  effects of U.V. Rays which cause sunburn and skin
  cancer.

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Label Skin Diagram
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The Skeletal System

• 8.10 Skeletal System is the framework of bones
  that supports the body, protects internal organs,
  and anchors all the bodys movement.

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• 8.11 Functions of the Skeletal System
• 1. Framework for support and muscle
• attachments.
• 2. Produces White Blood Cells (WBC) and
• Red Blood Cells (RBC)
• 3. Protection of the internal organs

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• 8.12 Axial Skeleton is the center part of the
  skeleton that includes the skull, spinal column,
  and the ribs. This part of the skeleton provides
  support and protection.
• 8.13 Appendicular Skeleton includes the arms,
  legs, and other bones that work to let the body
  move.

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• 8.14 Bones are made of living tissue made up of
  cells and minerals such as calcium.
• 8.15 Bones are not completely solid. They have
  spaces and have blood vessels inside of them.

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• 8.16 Joints is a place where 2 bones in the
  skeletal system meet. Joints let the body move.
• 8.17 Cartilage is a tough but flexible
  connective tissue that connects bones together.

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• 8.18 Most of the joints in your body move freely.
  The bones of movable joints are separated by a
  space that contains fluid. (Think Cracking your
  fingers.)

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• 8.19 Moveable joints move in different ways.
  Some examples are
• 1. Hinge Joint - elbows and knees
• 2. Pivot Joint - neck and elbow
• 3. Ball-and-Socket Joint - shoulder / hip

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• 8.20 Immovable Joints lock bones together with
  no space and the bones do not move. Example
  Cranium

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Muscular System

• 8.21 Muscular System is the system of all the
  muscles in your body. There are about 656
  muscles in your body.
• 8.22 The Functions of the Muscular System
• 1. Movement
• 2. Maintaining Body Temperature
• 3. Maintaining Posture

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Different Types of Muscles

• 8.23 Skeletal Muscle the muscle tissue that is
  attached to bones in the body that controls
  movement.
• 8.24 Smooth Muscle is a type of muscle that
  attaches to organs in your body and it works
  without your control.
• Example Stomach / Intestines -
• Smooth muscle pushes food.

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• 8.25 Cardiac Muscle is the muscle cells that
  contract together to make your heart beat and
  move without your control.

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• 8.26 Ligaments is a tissue that connects bones
  to bones.
• 8.27 Tendon is a tissue that connects skeletal
  muscle to bone.

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• 8.28 When a muscle contracts, it pulls on a
  tendon. The tendon then pulls on a bone and
  makes it move.
• 8.29 Muscles can only pull.

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• 8.30 Exercise causes muscles to get bigger and
  stronger.

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• 8.31 Muscle can become damaged. A muscle can be
  stretched too much or even torn. Over time the
  body will heal the damaged muscle.
• Example Pulled muscles can occur when a
  person doesnt stretch
• before sports.

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• 8.32 Muscles normally occur in pairs.
• 1. Flexor Bends joints
• 2. Extensors Straightens Joints
• Example Biceps are a flexor and triceps are an
  extensor.

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The Nervous System

• 8.33 Neurons nerve cells that send signals.
• 8.34 Central Nervous System Brain and
  Spinal Cord
• 8.35 Peripheral Nervous System The rest
  of the bodys nerves

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The Brain

• 8.36 Cerebrum The thinking center of the
  brain. (memory, planning, calculating,
  consciousness)
• 8.37 Cerebellum The coordination center for
  muscles. (Balance, Sports)
• 8.38 Medulla The autonomic (automatic)
  control center. (Breathing, heart beat,
• digestion)

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Draw and Label the Brain.
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How to have a Better Brain

1. Have a daily sleep schedule (8 hours)
2. Daily Exercise (jogging, walking, sports)
3. Brain needs exercise. (puzzles, reading)
4. Foods high in carbohydrates (rice, bread,
   potatoes). These foods provide glucose, energy
   for the brain.
5. Eat Breakfast

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• 6. Be careful of your caffeine intake. Caffeine
  causes your brain and body to fight with one
  another.
• 7. No Drugs and Alcohol. They kill brain cells
  and destroy memory.
• 8. Protect your brain when playing dangerous
  sports by wearing a helmet.

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Circulatory System

• 8.39 Circulatory System a collection of organs
  that transport blood throughout the body.
• 8.40 Heart a muscular organ the size of your
  fist that pumps blood through blood vessels.
  (2,500 gallons each day)

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Circulatory System

• 8.41 Atrium upper chamber of the heart
• 8.42 Ventricle lower chamber of the heart

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Circulatory System

• 8.43 Valves flaplike structures found between
  the atria and ventricles prevent blood from
  going backwards

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Circulatory System

• 8.44 Artery a blood vessel that carries blood
  away from the heart.
• 8.45 Vein blood vessels that carries blood back
  to the heart with 1-way valves.

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Circulatory System

• 8.46 Capillary tiny blood vessels that allows
  exchanges between body cells and blood (Food,
  oxygen, CO2, Waste)

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Circulatory System

• 8.47 Blood the fluid that carries gases,
  nutrients, and wastes through the body and that
  is made of platelets, white blood cells, red
  blood cells, and plasma.

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Circulatory System

• 8.48 Blood Pressure the force that blood exerts
  on the walls of the arteries

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Circulatory System

• 8.49 Blood Plasma the liquid part of the blood
  (mostly water) that wastes and digested food.

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Circulatory System

• 8.50 Red Blood Cells (RBC) carries oxygen to all
  cells
• 8.51 White Blood Cells (WBC) fights bacteria and
  viruses

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Respiratory System

• 8.52 Respiratory System the group of organs that
  take in oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide
• 8.53 Respiration process by which a body gains
  and uses oxygen and gets rid of carbon dioxide
  and water

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Respiratory System

• 8.54 Pharynx the passage from the mouth to the
  larynx and esophagus
• 8.55 Larynx the area of the throat that contains
  the vocal cords and produces sound
• 8.56 Trachea the tube that connects the larynx
  to the lungs

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Respiratory System

• 8.57 Bronchi one of the tubes that connect the
  lungs with the trachea
• 8.58 Alveoli any of the tiny air sacs of the
  lungs where oxygen and carbon dioxide are
  exchanged

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Human Digestive System

• 8.59 Mouth digestion begins with chewing and
  saliva breaking down starches.
• 8.60 Stomach muscular contractions with release
  of digestive juices and hydrochloric acid digest
  food.

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• 8.61 Small Intestine absorbs digested food
  through villi.
• 8.62 Large Intestine (Colon) absorbs water from
  wastes forming feces. Bacteria live off some of
  wastes.
• 8.63 Rectum stores the fecal material before it
  leaves through the anus.

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• 8.64 Liver produces bile that is used to break
  down fats and filters body poisons (like
  alcohol).
• 8.65 Pancreas produces digestive juices and
  insulin (controls blood sugar)

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• 8.66 A meal takes about 15 hours to travel from
  the mouth to the rectum, stopping in the stomach
  for 3-5 hours.
• 8.67 A stomach can hold as much as 3 pints of
  food.

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The Eye / Ear System

• Questions

• Facts

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The Ear

• 8.68 Outer Ear is the part of your ear outside
  your skull, the ear canal, and the eardrum.
• 8.69 Middle Ear is a space filled with air. It
  contains 3 tiny connected bones, vibrations move
  the bones.
• 8.70 Inner Ear Contains the semicircular canals
  and cochlea that sense movement and send signals
  to your brain.

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• 8.71 Eardrum thin membrane that vibrates when
  sound waves strike it.
• 8.72 Eustacian Tube equalizes pressure between
  the middle ear and the outside air.

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• 8.73 Cochlea a tube filled with fluid and lined
  with tiny hairs that pick up sound vibrations and
  send signals on to the brain.
• 8.74 Semi-circular canals maintains balance

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The Eye

• 8.75 Cornea clear window that protects the eye.
• 8.76 Pupil opening that light travels through to
  the inside of the eye.
• 8.77 Iris controls the pupil opening. In bright
  light the iris closes, in dim light the iris
  opens.

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• 8.78 Lens Focuses light rays onto the retina.
  Muscles change the focus for seeing objects up
  close or far away.
• 8.79 Retina Contains the photoreceptors
• (rods and cones)
• 8.80 Rods Black and White (night vision)
• 8.81 Cones Color
• 8.82 Optic Nerve carries signals from the eye to
  the brain.