Anatomy and Physiology- Unit D

1
Anatomy and Physiology- Unit D
2
External Features and Bones

• Competency 9.00
• Summarize the major parts of small animals

3
Objective 9.01

• Describe the major external parts of small animals

4
Basic Anatomy Terminology

1. Cheek- fleshy side of the face
2. Dewlap- loose skin under the chin
3. Elbow- upper joint of the front leg
4. Flank- fleshy part of the side
5. Foot pad- part that the animal walks on
6. Forearm- front limb just below the elbow
7. Guard hair- longer course hair above the shorter
   under fur (protection)

5
Basic Anatomy Terminology

• Hock- tarsal joint halfway up the hind limb
• Lion- fleshy part of the side under the spinal
  column
• Muzzle- projecting jaw (nose and mouth)
• Nose pad
• Tip of the nose
• Used for investigating food and unfamiliar
  objects
• Called the nose leather in cats

6
Basic Anatomy Terminology

1. Rump- upper rounded part of the hindquarter
2. Shoulder- above the elbow of the fore leg
3. Stifle- joint above the hock
4. Thigh- area between the rump and hock
5. Whiskers- long hairs growing near the mouth

7
Basic Anatomy Terminology- Birds

• Crown
• top of the head
• Ear covert
• feathers covering the ears
• Mandible
• upper or lower segment of the bill
• Nape
• back of the neck
• Orbital ring
• ring around the eye

8
Basic Anatomy Terminology- Fish, Amphibians, and
Reptiles

• Brille
• transparent layer covering eyes
• Eyelid for snakes
• Fins
• Web of skin supported with bone or cartilage rods
• Enables fish to move through water

9
Basic Anatomy Terminology- Fish, Amphibians, and
Reptiles

• Gills
• Major organ of the respiratory system
• Breath without lungs
• Scales
• Modified portion of the epidermal layer
• Provides protection
• Scutes
• Epidermal scales found on turtles

10
Objective 9.02

• Define major skeletal parts of small animals

11
Skeletal System

• Axial skeleton
• vertebral column
• Ribs
• Sternum
• skull

12
Dog Skeleton
http//images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/aencmed/ta
rgets/illus/ilt/000f09ca.gif
13
Dog Skeleton
http//www.ndsu.nodak.edu/instruct/tcolvill/135/im
ages/S23.GIF
14
Skeletal System

• Pectoral limb
• front limbs
• shoulders, legs and feet
• scapula (shoulder blade)
• humerus (arm)
• radius and ulna (forearm)
• carpals, metacarpals and phalanges (toes)

15
http//www.uoguelph.ca/mammals/CatSkeleton.jpg
16
http//www.biology.ualberta.ca/courses.hp/zoo.225/
Catskeleton.jpeg
17
Skeletal System

• Pelvic limb
• rear legs and pelvic bones
• hooks
• pin bones
• femur (upper leg bone)
• tibia and fibula (lower leg bones)
• Tarsals (hocks)
• Metatarsals (feet)
• Phalanges (toes)

18
Rabbit Skeleton
http//www.ext.vt.edu/pubs/foods/458-878/rabbit.gi
f
19
Rabbit Skeleton
http//www.avte.net/AVTE2003/contents/anatomy/lab
20animal/rabbit_skeleton.jpg
20
Skeletal System-Birds

• Have some unique bones unlike mammals
• Most have a skull bone that elongates toward the
  front of the head
• Some have a skull with an upper beak fused to it
  while other birds have hinges on both upper and
  lower mandibles giving it more flexibility

21
http//www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/birds/pr
intouts/Skeleton.shtml
22
Objective 9.03

• Discuss the role of internal organs in small
  animals

23
Major organs and systems

• Heart
• major organ in the circulatory system
• 3 muscle layers

24
Circulatory System

• Myocardium
• second layer muscle that makes up the thickness
  of the heart
• Endocardium
• thin layer inside myocardium
• Epicardium
• thin cover over the myocardium
• Other parts of the circulatory system are the
  arteries, capillaries, veins and blood

25
Layers of the Heart
26
Heart
27
Circulatory System

• Other parts of the circulatory system are
• Arteries
• Capillaries
• Veins
• Blood

28
Circulatory System- Functions

• Transports
• nutrients
• metabolic waste
• oxygen
• Protects against microbes and injury

29
Kidneys and Bladder

• Part of the excretory system
• rids the body of waste
• maintain chemical composition
• volume of blood
• regulates tissue fluid

30
Stomach and Intestines

• Major part of digestive system
• breaks food down into smaller pieces to be used
  by the body
• Nutrients are gleaned from these food materials

31
Lungs

• Part of the respiratory system
• oxygen is taken in by the nose, passed on to the
  lungs and then goes into the blood

32
Nervous System

• Brains, spinal cord, and nerves
• Coordinator of all body activities
• Regulates other systems
• Controls memory and learning

33
Reproductive system

• Ovaries and testes
• Egg
• Sperm
• Help produce new individuals of the same species

34
Muscular System

• Muscles
• Movement
• Posture
• Support
• Produces heat

35
Small Animal Nutrition

• Competency 10.00
• Examine the role of nutrition in the support of
  animals life

36
Objective 10.01

• Discuss the six basic nutritional requirements of
  small animals in relation to the function they
  serve for the small animal

37
Nutrition

• Nutrient- single group of foods of the same
  general chemical composition that supports animal
  life
• There are six basic nutrient

38
Water

• More important nutrient than any other nutrient
• makes up 55-65 of an animals body

39
Water

• Aides in digestion
• Transports nutrients
• Regulates body temperature
• Carries waste from the body
• Supports respiration

40
Proteins

• Complex nutrients composed of carbon, hydrogen,
  oxygen, and nitrogen
• Develop and repairing body organs and tissues
• muscles, nerves, skin, hair, hooves, and feathers

41
Proteins

• Production of milk, wool, and eggs
• Reproduction process of the developing fetus
• Developing the young
• Transmitting DNA

42
Carbohydrates

• Converting of food into energy
• Made up of chemical elements
• Carbon
• Hydrogen
• Oxygen
• Supports breathing and digesting

43
Carbohydrates

• Production of heat for body warmth
• Stores fat
• Types of carbohydrates
• Sugars
• Starch
• fiber

44
Fats

• Chemical elements of
• Carbon
• Hydrogen
• Oxygen
• Same elements as carbohydrates but different
  combinations

45
Fats

• Fats contain 2.25 times more energy
• Aid in absorbing fat-soluble vitamins
• A, D, E and K
• Provides the essential fatty acids needed in an
  animals diet

46
Vitamins

• Organic substances needed for specific
  biochemical reactions
• A,B, C, D, E and K
• Needed in small amounts

47
Vitamins

• Regulation of body glands
• Digestive system
• Absorption
• Metabolism
• The chemical processes occurring within a living
  cell or organism that are necessary for the
  maintenance of life. In metabolism some
  substances are broken down to yield energy for
  vital processes while other substances, necessary
  for life, are synthesized.

48
Minerals

• Supply the material for building the skeleton and
  producing regulators such as enzymes and hormones
• Divided into 2 groups
• Macro
• Micro

49
Macro vs. Micro

• Macro
• Seven major minerals needed in largest quantity
  and most likely lacking in the ration
• Micro
• Nine trace minerals needed in small amounts

50
Macro-minerals

• Phosphorus
• Calcium
• Potassium
• Sodium and chlorine
• Sulfur
• Magnesium

51
Micro-minerals

• Iron
• Iodine
• Copper
• Cobalt
• Manganese

• Zinc
• Molybdenum
• Selenium
• Fluorine

52
Objective 10.02

• Determine symptoms related to nutrient
  deficiencies in small animals

53
Nutrient Deficiencies

• Nutrition
• Process by which an animal receives and balanced
  food and water ration
• Grow
• Maintain its body
• Reproduce
• Perform
• Nutrient
• substance that is necessary for an organism to
  live and grow

54
Nutrient Deficiencies

• Slow growth
• (common of all nutrients)
• Water deficiency
• Overheating
• slowdown in normal body functions occurs
• Carbohydrates
• lack of energy
• Lack of normal body functions
• loss of body heat

55
Nutrient Deficiencies

• Proteins
• Normal growth development and repairing of body
  organs ex muscles, nerves, skin, hair, hooves,
  and feathers suffers
• Protein deficiency may result
• Anorexia
• Anemia
• Edema
• Slow growth rate
• Low birth weight of young
• Lower milk production
• Decreased feed efficiency

56
Nutrient Deficiencies

• Fats
• Provides energy
• aids in absorption of fat-soluble vitamins
• Vitamins
• various body functions will suffer when vitamins
  are lacking
• Depends on the vitamins in question

57
Nutrient Deficiencies

• Mineral deficiency
• low rate of gains
• poor feed efficiency
• decreased reproduction
• decrease in milk, meat, eggs, and wool production

58
Nutrition and Digestion of Small Animals

• Competency 11.00
• Analyze the digestive process and feeding
  requirements for small animals

59
Objective 11.01

• Discuss the digestive process in a ruminants
  digestive system.

60
Ruminants

• Considered as forage consuming
• Ruminants have one stomach with multiple
  compartments
• Food is acted on by millions of bacteria and
  microorganisms
• Transform low-quality protein and nitrogen
  compounds
• essential amino acids

61
http//www.ca.uky.edu/agripedia/Classes/ASC106/med
ia/RUMEN.GIF
62
Four compartments

• Rumen
• largest compartment
• contains bacteria microorganisms
• aids in the digestive process

63
Rumen Papillae
http//education.vetmed.vt.edu/Curriculum/VM8054/L
abs/Lab21/IMAGES/rumen20copy.jpg
64
Reticulum

• Second compartment
• aides in the formation of cud for regurgitation
• Also known as the hardware stomach because it
  collects nails or pieces of wire

65
Reticulum
http//www.cvmbs.colostate.edu/ilm/outreach/necrop
sy/images/reticulum1.jpg
66
Reticulum
http//arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/di
gestion/herbivores/retic.jpg
67
Omasum

• Third compartment
• removes water from food
• Looks like the folds of a book

68
Omasum
http//courses.washington.edu/vertebra/453/photos/
gut_photos/mammal_digestive_photos.htm
69
Abomasum

• Fourth compartment
• Referred to as the true stomach
• Breaks down food material
• muscular movement
• secretes digestive juices
• The material then passes into the small intestine

70
http//www.yourdictionary.com/images/ahd/jpg/A4abo
mas.jpg
71
Objective 11.02

• Explain the digestive process in a non-ruminants
  digestive system

72
Non-Ruminants

• Single-stomached
• Mono-gastric
• includes all of the small animals
• Cats
• Dogs
• Rabbits
• Birds

73
(No Transcript)
74
Rabbits

• Non-ruminant herbivores
• Consumes large amounts of roughage
• Large cecum and colon between the small and large
  intestines
• contains bacteria

75
Rabbit Digestive System
http//courses.washington.edu/vertebra/453/photos/
gut_photos/mammal_digestive_photos.htm
76
Rabbits

• Rabbits eat undigested feces
• Coprophagy
• Usually occurs late night or early morning
• Makes use of undigested material so they can make
  full use of bacteria in cecum

77
Birds

• Lack teeth
• Saliva is added to aid in swallowing
• Very little breakdown in the mouth
• Gizzard
• Largest digestive organ
• Grinds and crushes

78
Digestive System- Bird
http//www.biologycorner.com/resources/bird_anatom
y.jpg
79
Digestive Process of Non-Ruminants

• Food is broken down in mouth (except birds)
• Passes to the stomach
• Small Intestine
• Primary site of absorption
• Large Intestine
• Absorption of Water
• Addition of mucus

80
Fish Digestive System

• Systems vary
• Type of feed determines teeth
• Some fish swallow their prey whole while others
  chew it up

81
Fish digestive system
http//animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/resourc
es/Grzimek_fish/structure_function/digestive_syste
m.jpg/medium.jpg
82
Objective 11.03

• Distinguish between feeding programs of the small
  animal

83
Nutrient Use

• Maintenance
• keeping constant
• no gain or loss of weight
• usually high in carbohydrates and fats
• Growth
• increase in body size
• rations high in energy and protein

84
Nutrient Use

• Reproduction
• failures are a major result from poor nutrition
• Contains a large amount of protein, minerals, and
  vitamins
• Improper nutrition can affect conception rates
  and breeding ability

85
Reproduction

• Babies that are underweight at birth, or which
  become an aborted fetus are often the result of
  improper nutrition to female during gestation

86
Nutrient Use

• Lactation
• time during which females are producing milk
• Requires the proper nutrients to have large milk
  production

87
Lactation

• Diet high in protein, calcium, and phosphorus.
• The same nutrients contained in the milk are the
  same needed by a lactating female

88
Nutrient Use

• Work and activity
• Increased amounts of fats and carbohydrates are
  needed in a working diet to supply the extra
  energy needed
• Hunting dogs need special diets because they
  require energy to chase after game

89
Feeding Terminology

• Diet
• Feed and water that an animal uses
• Amount and type of feedstuff is based upon
• Animal Needs
• Kind of and amounts of nutrients contained in
  feed
• Palatability- digestible and appeals to the
  animal
• A good nutritious feed is only good if it is eaten

90
Feeding Terminology

• Feed classifications
• Roughages (or forages)
• made up of leaves and the plants tender stems

91
Feeding Terminology

• Concentrates
• recommended for small animals as a regular part
  of their diet
• High energy
• Corn, wheat, sorghum, barley, rye, oats
• High protein
• Soybean meal, cottonseed oil meal, sunflower meal

92
Feeding Terminology

• Supplements
• contains a specific nutrient
• Ration
• feed that contains the right amount and
  proportion of nutrients

93
Specific Diets

• Dogs and Cats
• Commercial feed is the best
• Puppies need diet higher in protein than adults
  and food intake is regulated by activity
• Cats need 2X the protein of dogs
• 10 of their diet should be fat

94
Rabbits

• Pellet type of commercial feed is best
• Avoid feeding leafy green vegetables

95
Pocket Pets

• Best to use pellet type commercial feed
• If mixing ration should have a wide range of
  food

96
Pocket Pets

• Gerbils
• Little green food in diet
• Rats
• can have dog food substituted
• Ferrets
• can eat cat food

97
Pocket Pets

• Mice
• will not overeat
• Guinea pigs
• need solid food to dull their teeth and a certain
  amount of Vitamin C

98
Amphibians Reptiles

• Prefer to eat animals if large enough
• Tadpoles
• eat pellets of rabbit, dog, or cat food
• Turtles
• Pieces of liver
• Strawberries and other fruits

99
Amphibians Reptiles

• Snakes (in captivity)
• Full grown can learn to eat canned dog
• Variety of insects
• Baby rodents
• Frogs and toads
• Lizards
• Most eat insects

100
Birds

• Diet mostly consists of seeds
• Including cereal seeds and oil seeds
• Fruit and nectar birds
• eat oranges
• Grapes
• apple slices

101
Fish

• Diet is affected by water temperature
• Higher temperature
• Increased food intake
• Variety of food should be given to decrease
  boredom

102
Fish

• Amount fish is fed should be amount it can eat in
  a few minutes to avoid contaminating water
• Smaller fish
• Flaked food
• Larger Fish
• Shrimp
• Krill
• Plankton

103
Small Animal Reproduction

• Competency 12.00
• Analyze Reproduction in Small Animals

104
Objective 12.01

• Discuss reproduction of small animals

105
Sexual Reproduction

• Two parents are required
• Natural Insemination
• Male
• Spermatozoa or male sex cell
• Female
• Egg or ovum (female sex cell)

106
Trout Spermatozoa
http//www.rennes.inra.fr/scribe/images/spermato.j
pg
107
Sexual Terminology

• Conception
• Creation of new life by fertilization
• Union of egg and sperm
• Estrus
• Heat period
• Female is receptive to breeding
• Stand for mating

108
Estrus- Stand for mating
http//www.clas.ufl.edu/jur/199912/images/balaguer
_4.jpg
109
Sexual Terminology

• Gestation
• Period of pregnancy
• Begins at conception ends at parturition
• Ovulation
• Release of egg
• Parturition
• Process of giving birth

110
Female Reproductive Anatomy

• Ovary
• Primary reproductive organ
• Produces the female gamete (egg)
• Embryo
• Developing young
• Mammals
• Enters uterus after 3-5 days

111
Female Reproductive Anatomy

• Uterus
• Place of embryo growth and development
• Cervix
• Part of uterus that contains rings
• Cervical mucus
• Seals uterus during pregnancy

112
Female Reproductive Anatomy

• Vagina
• Reproductive passageway
• Urine excretio
• Vulva
• External opening of reproductive tract

113
Male Reproductive Anatomy

• Testicle
• Primary organ
• Produces male gametes
• Externally held in scrotum
• Controls temperature
• Sheath
• Fold of skin
• Protective covering

114
Objective 12.02

• Use principals of reproductive physiology to
  determine gestation characteristics in small
  animals

115
Gestation

• Time from conception to parturition (birth)
• Varies for each species
• General Characteristics
• Increase size of breast and abdomen and appetite
• Restlessness
• End of gestation

116
End of Gestation

• Pocket pets and rabbits
• Nesting box should be provided
• Wood shavings
• Straw
• Paper
• Dogs and cats
• Birthing box
• One to three weeks prior
• Helps them to get comfortable with the setting

117
Gestation Period
Species Period (days)
Cats 51-65 (7-9 weeks)
Dogs 56-70 (9-10 weeks)
Rabbits 28-32 (4-4.5 weeks)
Hamsters 30-32
Gerbils 16
Rats 21-24
Mice 21-24
Guinea Pig 56-74
Ferrets 42