Homework Bell Ringer

1
Homework Bell Ringer

• What is the largest falling body of water which
  was discovered in Africa by explorer/missionary
  David Livingstone and named after the English
  Monarch of the times.

2
(No Transcript)
3
Mediterranean Sea

• Dark Continent
• 2nd largest continent in world (3x United
  States)
• 20 of worlds land surface, but only 12 of
  total world population.
• Surrounded by water Indian Ocean, Atlantic
  Ocean, and Mediterranean Sea/Red Sea (role in
  trade and cultural diffusion)

Red Sea
Atlantic
Indian
4

• Climate Zones
• Rain Forests around equator (diseases)
• Savanna (grassland) 50 of continent wildlife
• Deserts 40 of cont. Sahara, Kalahari, Namib
• Mediterranean around northern/southern edge
  (cities and trade)

5
(No Transcript)
6
Locate the following topographic
features Mountains Mt. Kilimanjaro is
highest Lakes Chad Victoria Rivers Nile,
Congo, Niger, Zambezi, Senegal Great Rift Valley
(canyon)

• Various Geographic Factors in Africa gave rise to
  over 2,000 culturally distinct societies and
  1,000 languages.
• What protected the interior of Africa from
  outsiders?

- smooth coastlines (no harbors), rivers
w/rapids, deserts
7
Practice Question

• In Africa, an effect of topography and climate
  has been to
• encourage rapid industrialization of the interior
  
• prevent the development of kingdoms
• promote large-scale trade between African and
  Asia
• promote the growth of diverse societies

8
Natural Resources
Animals and wildlife
Safari, hunters and expanding deserts (due to
mans agricultural habits) are destroying much of
natural wildlife.
9

• Other Natural Resources
• Peanuts, bananas, rubber, tea, coffee, cotton
• Uranium, tungsten, cobalt, tin, zinc, iron,
  copper, silver
• 80 of worlds diamonds
• 50 of worlds gold
• Nigeria is 8th largest producer of oil and 2nd
  largest producer of petroleum

Dont forget its people, culture, art and music
10
Earliest Inhabitation Paleolithic man
earliest occupations in East African Rift Valley,
slowly moved through Sahara and up into Asia and
Europe.
11
Bantu Migration

• Population pressures forced farmers from west in
  search of new lands between 500 BC and 1500 AD.
• Spread their knowledge of farming, ironworking
  and their language - Swahili (1/3 of Africa today
  speaks a language of Bantu family)
• Theme Movement of People and Goods

12
Practice AP Question

• It is thought that early Bantu migrations through
  Africa were precipitated by
• a. growth in the African slave trade, which
  caused people to migrate farther inland and south
• b. establishment of trade routes along coastal
  west Africa, which created more routes by which
  to migrate
• c. Islamic missionary expeditions through west
  and central Africa, which opened up more areas to
  settlement
• d. environmental changes, which disturbed the
  ecosystem people relied on for hunting and
  farming
• e. advances in gold and salt mining
  technologies improved transportation routes to
  Ghana

13

• Agricultural Revolution by 3000 populations of
  people forming settled communities in Egypt,
  Nubia and Kush (modern Sudan - all along Nile)
• Kush Axum gained in power due to trade
  (especially iron). Kush even controlled Egypt
  for some time. Axum developed international like
  atmosphere due to mix of Arabs and African
  elements.

14

• Many states appeared in 1000-1500 CE in northern
  and western Africa, their power based on control
  over long-distance trade

15
Africa During the Middle Ages Trade in West
Africa based on Gold Salt Exchange. Gold
produced in Western Africa around Senegal River.
These people, however, needed salt for the diets
in order to live. They had little salt.
North coast of Africa (around Taghaza) has lots
of salt and wanted gold for trade with Europe.
16
(No Transcript)
17
Practice Regents Question

• One similarity between the Ancient African
  kingdoms of Egypt, Ghana, Mali and Songhai is
  that all of these kingdoms were located
• in mountainous terrain
• in coastal areas
• on major trading routes
• in rain forest areas

18
Ghana Empire Reached the height of its power in
900s based on the trade (gold, copper, and
humans) with the Arabs and the tax that he
collected from his own people. He restricted
ownership of gold (only he could own nuggets,
others just dust). He had invited many Arabs to
help administer governmental issues.
What are these?
19
Trans-Saharan Trade

• Ivory, gold, hardwoods, and slaves were the
  magnets which drew trading caravans south across
  the arid Saharan wastes, often following routes
  established before the desert had formed.
• Camel fleet of the desert introduced from
  Arabia in 1st c. BC

20
Between 1100 and 1500 a relay system of trade by
land and sea connected almost all populous
regions of Eurasia, as well as north and east
Africa. Long-distance traders carried goods along
their own segments of these routes, and then
turned them over to traders in the next sector.
21
The Islamic People in Northern Africa declared a
jihad against the Ghana Kingdom to convert it to
the Muslim Religion. This effectively destroyed
the Ghana Kingdom.
Islam becomes a major religion across northern
Africa and many mosques are built.
22
(No Transcript)
23

• Mali Empire (1235) Islamic Empire
• Continued the gold-salt trade
• Ruler took title mansa or emperor
• Most famous emperor was Mansa Musa (meaning
  Moses)

• Mansa Musa
• expanding boundaries of kingdom
• encouraged learning
• set an example of devout Muslim

24
Mansa Musa made a pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324.
He took 12,000 slaves each holding a golden staff
weighing 5-6 pounds. He had 60,000 followers
with 80-100 camel-loads of dust, each load
weighing 300 lbs.
He gave out so much gold that the price of gold
dropped so much that it didnt regain its price
for 12 years later.
25

• Result of Pilgrimage
• Legends arose about his wealth Spanish record
  him on a map (Catalan Atlas) calling him the
  richest and most noble king in all the lands
• Builds his palace and mosque in capital city of
  Timbuktu in style of Arabic buildings.

26
Practice Regents

• Mansa Musas journey to Mecca in the 1300s is
  evidence that
• the Crusades had a great influence on western
  Africa
• most African leaders were educated in the Middle
  East
• European culture was superior to the cultures of
  western Africa
• Islam had a major influence on the Mali Empire

27
Timbuktu center of learning and culture during
Mali and Songhai Empires. Students came from
all around west Africa to learn here.
The Songhai Empire came to a close when attacked
by Morocco who had cannons and muskets fell in
1590.
28
Practice AP Question

• With regard to the influence of Islam in Africa,
• a. African women tended to have fewer privileges
  than Islamic women.
• b. the lower classes were more eager to convert
  to Islam than the elite.
• c. contacts with Islam were generated by the
  trans-Atlantic trade.
• d. African rulers feared that conversion to
  Islam would undermine their authority.
• e. converts to Islam tended to blend Islam and
  their tribal beliefs.

29
An Ancient Testimonial

• In the third century CE, the Persian religious
  leader Mani is said to have identified the four
  most important kingdoms of the world Persia,
  Rome, Sileos (possibly China), and Aksum (also
  called Axum)

Wow Pretty important company! Must be HUGE (as
Fuccillos would say)
30
Kingdom of Axum

• Began as a trade colony about 500 B.C.E. by the
  kingdom of Saba (Sheba) across the Red Sea on the
  southern tip of the Arab Peninsula (Yemen). When
  Saba declined, Axum became independent.

Trade in ivory, resin, and slaves
Sheba

• Trade based on Red Sea and port of Adulis. Among
  the items exported were ivory, frankincense,
  myrrh, and slaves while imports included textile,
  metal goods, wine, and olive oil.

Stele to mark location of royal tombs, not like
Ashokas for laws
31

• In about 330 C.E. Kush was eliminated as a rival
  when it was conquered by Axum.
• In the eighth century the Muslims cut off Axum's
  commercial contacts with the Byzantine Empire.
  Soon, Ethiopia lost its control of the Red Sea
  trade routes. Now landlocked and primarily
  agricultural society.

32
Axum Christianity

• In the sixth and seventh centuries the kingdom
  was Christianized via Coptic Egypt (under Emperor
  Justinian)
• By the tenth century the Christian Ethiopia
  existed in relative seclusion due to mountainous
  and almost inaccessible highlands, a stable
  monarchy and distinctive Christian culture were
  created.

33
Ethiopia

• Christian community of Axum moved inland into
  highlands of Ethiopia Abyssinian period.
• Increasingly feudal and militarized in resistant
  to encroachment of Islamic Africans.
• Military strength of Ethiopians combined with
  assistance from Portuguese allowed for Ethiopia
  to remain an isolated Christian state until 1974
  when military coup.

34
Native African Religion
Other African Religions

• Animism
• Single creator god
• Nature Spirits
• Reason why easily accepted monotheistic
  Christianity and Islam
• Shamans medium and prophet who through animal
  sacrifice could obtain power over or from the
  spirits
• Challenged by Islam but not always replaced

35
Christianity

• Disciples and early missionaries established
  Christian communities in Egypt (Coptic) and
  Ethiopia/Axum

36
African Kingdoms - Social

• African Society
• Village Life
• Most people lived in small villages
• Nuclear families and larger kinship communities

• Role of women
• Usually subordinate to men
• Polygamy not uncommon
• Many societies had matrilinear lineage
• Could be warriors or leaders in certain tribes
• Could own property and trade

37
Slavery

• Practiced in Africa since ancient times, probably
  originating in prisoners of war
• Common in ancient Egypt
• Could gain freedom
• Living conditions often decent
• Pre-modern slavery not as impacting because
  smaller quantities
• Muslims could not enslave other muslims
  frequently trained slaves as soldiers creating
  warrior slave caste known as mamluks

38
African Kingdoms Art/Literature

• Painting and Sculpture
• Rock paintings, wood carving,
• Nok pottery, Benin bronzes
• Music and Dance
• Architecture (pyramids, stone bldgs.)
• Mostly Preliterate - Professional storytellers
  (griots)