The Era of Thomas Jefferson

1
The Era of Thomas Jefferson

• Chapter 9

2
Jefferson takes Office

• Thomas Jefferson was inaugurated in March 1801.
• He ran against John Adams.
• Aaron Burr won the same amount of electoral votes
  as Jefferson
• The House of Representatives debated for 6 days
  before Jefferson was chosen
• In 1804, the electors would vote separately for
  President and Vice President

3
Jefferson takes Office

• Jefferson was the first president to get
  inaugurated in Washington DC
• The presidents goal was to limit the federal
  governments power over the states
• He thought that laissez faire would be the best
  idea
• He fired all tax collectors and cut the number of
  diplomats
• He reduced the size of the military
• People who were imprisoned under the Sedition Act
  were released

4
Jefferson takes Office

• Adams appointed William Marbury and other judges
  before he left office
• Republicans said these were to keep the
  Federalists in power
• Jefferson ordered James Madison to cease work on
  the appointments

5
Jefferson takes Office

• Marbury sued Madison citing the Judiciary Act of
  1789
• Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that the
  Judiciary Act of 1789 was unconstitutional
• He said the Courts power came from the
  Constitution
• This was important because of the court case
  Marbury v. Madison, judicial review was
  established

6
The Louisiana Purchase

• By 1800, more then a million settlers lived
  between the Appalachian and the Mississippi
• Most of these settlers were farmers.

7
The Louisiana Purchase

• These farmers relied on the Mississippi River to
  transport their crops to the port at New Orleans
• Spain had controlled new Orleans and the US
  negotiated with Spain to guarantee Americans
  right to ship goods down the Mississippi to New
  Orleans
• This was called Pinckneys Treaty

8
The Louisiana Purchase

• Jefferson found out in 1801 that Spain had given
  New Orleans and the Louisiana Territory to France
  in a secret treaty
• In 1802, before the official transfer of the land
  to France, the Spanish governor stopped allowing
  Americans to ship their goods through New Orleans

9
The Louisiana Purchase

• The President decided that he would try to buy
  New Orleans from the French
• He sent James Monroe and Robert Livingston to try
  to buy New Orleans and West Florida from France
• When they arrived they found out that Toussaint
  LOuverture had driven the French from Haiti

10
The Louisiana Purchase

• They knew the French would have a hard time
  defending Louisiana
• They also knew that there were tensions between
  France and England
• Napoleon, the leader of France would need money
  to support the war
• Napoleon offered to sell not only New Orleans but
  the entire Louisiana Purchase
• They purchased the whole territory for 15
  Million-4 Cents an acre

11
The Louisiana Purchase

• No where in the Constitution did it say that the
  President had power to buy land
• Jefferson said that the President was allowed to
  make treaties, the Senate approved and Congress
  voted to pay for the land
• In January 1803, Jefferson convinced Congress to
  pay 2,500 on a western expedition

12
The Louisiana Purchase

• He chose Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to
  report back about geography, plants, animals and
  other natural features
• He also wanted them to make contact with the
  Natives and to look for a waterway from the
  Mississippi to the Pacific Ocean

13
The Louisiana Purchase

• They took 40 men and traveled up the Missouri
  River, met up with natives, reached the Great
  Plains, traveled west, and met up with Native
  American Sacagawea, who traveled with them and
  was a translator
• They climbed the Rockies, reached the continental
  divide, found the Columbia River and traveled by
  canoe to the Pacific Ocean
• It took nearly 6 months to return to Missouri

14
The Louisiana Purchase

• In 1806-1807, Zebulon Pike also explored the
  southern part of the Louisiana Territory
• When he got to the Rocky Mountains, he was
  stopped by deep snow
• The mountain he could not climb is now called
  Pikes Peak

15
The Louisiana Purchase

• On his return, he went to Spanish new Mexico
• Pike and his explorers were arrested by Spanish
  troops
• They thought they were spies trying to take over
  the area
• They were released and escorted back to the
  United States
• Because of Pikes reports, the Americans grew
  interested in the Spanish Borderlands.

16
A Time of Conflict

• Pirate ships began to attack American ships in
  the Mediterranean Sea
• These ships came from Morocco, Algiers, Tunisia
  and Tripoli (the Barbary State)
• These pirates took property and sailors, holding
  the sailors for ransom
• European governments stopped the raids by paying
  the States tribute

17
A Time of Conflict

• Jefferson stopped paying tribute and sent
  warships to the Mediterranean
• The Philadelphia ran aground near Tripoli and
  the crew was imprisoned
• American sailors burned this ship to prevent the
  pirates from using it.
• American troops marched across the Sahara desert
  and captured Tripoli

18
A Time of Conflict

• By 1803, France and England were at war
• Americans were Neutral
• To prevent the other side from getting supplies,
  the French and English began to seize American
  ships and stealing the cargo
• The British again used impressments

19
A Time of Conflict

• To try to stop this, in 1807, Jefferson passed
  the Embargo Act
• Forbid any trade on American ships sailing to any
  foreign port
• Jefferson thought this would stop the other
  countries from seizing ships
• Instead, the money made by exports fell, prices
  of crops declined and thousands of Americans lost
  their jobs
• Many Americans began to smuggle goods.

20
A Time of Conflict

• After the Battle of Fallen Timbers, many settlers
  moved West
• Diseases such as measles, smallpox and the flu
  killed thousands of Natives
• Settlers stole native lands for hunting
• The Shawnee people were hurt by the settlers
• In 1805, Tenskwatawa and Tecumseh urged Natives
  to fight against the settlers
• This action scared American officials
• In 1811, William Henry Harrison, marched his
  soldiers against the Shawnee villages and
  defeated the Natives at the Battle of Tippecanoe

21
The War of 1812

• There was tensions between Britain and the US
  when James Madison became president in 1809
• Arming Natives
• Impressments of sailors
• Americas new nationalism
• Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun became leaders in
  the House of Representatives
• They supported war with Britain-They were called
  War Hawks

22
The War of 1812

• Although England was at war in Europe, they would
  not give into US Demands to avoid war

23
The War of 1812

• The US navy only had 16 warships, and the army
  had only 7,000 men
• The British set up a blockade of the Coast
• A major sea battle was in Aug 1812 and the USS
  Constitution defeated the British ship Guerriere

24
The War of 1812

• The British and Americans were also fighting for
  control of the Great Lakes and the Mississippi
• American General William Hull tried and failed to
  invade Canada
• The Americans did win at Lake Erie, where they
  defeated the British
• In the south, Natives attacked American
  settlements.
• Andrew Jackson fought back and defeated the
  natives at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend

25
The War of 1812

• The British Attacked Washington D.C. in August
  1814
• Dolly Madison, the Presidents wife gathered
  important documents and fled the building
• The British set fire to the White House

26
The War of 1812

• They Then moved to Fort McHenry in Maryland
• Although the British fought through the night,
  the Americans had beaten off the attack
• Francis Scott Key saw this attack and later wrote
  The Star Spangled Banner

27
The War of 1812

• Britain had become tired of war and peace talks
  began in Ghent, Belgium
• The Treaty of Ghent ended the war
• Many Federalists did not agree with this war, and
  met at the Hartford Convention to talk about New
  England states seceding from the US