Organic wastes: Quantities, composition, collection and present treatment

1
Organic wastes Quantities, composition,
collection and present treatment

• Håkan Jönsson
• Professor
• Hakan.Jonsson_at_et.slu.se
• Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences

2
Waste terminology

• Waste (avfall) - items, materials and substances
  which the owner discards of, intends to discard
  of or is obliged to discard of according to
  directive 91/156/EEG
• Household waste (Hushållsavfall) Normal waste
  from a household In Sweden latrine and sludge
  from septic tanks are included (and so is source
  separated urine)
• Biowaste (compostable, lätt nedbrytbart avfall,
  komposterbart) biologically degradable waste
• Kitchen waste, food waste (Köksavfall, matavfall)
  Biodegradable waste from kitchens, from food
  preparation and left-overs.
• Latrine (latrin) mixture of urine and faeces
• Bulky waste (grovavfall) household waste that
  is to bulky to be collected in bags or bins

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Waste terminology 2

• Combustible waste (brännbart avfall) Waste which
  can burn by itself waste with a certain energy
  content.
• Hazardous waste (farligt avfall) Waste
  according to directive 91/689/EEG certain
  properties and/or content

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Waste terminology 3

• Reusability (återanvändning) components
• Recyclability, recoverability (återvinning och
  materialåtervinning) material and substances
• Recycling centre (återvinningscentral) Large
  manned centre for recovering recyclable and
  recoverable materials, hazardous waste etc.
• Recycling station (återvinningsstation) Small
  unmanned station for recovering recyclable and
  recoverable materials, hazardous waste etc.

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EU Waste hierarchy

• EU council - parliament compromise 20/10/2008 and
  new waste directive
• 1. Prevent generation (Minimera uppkomst)
• 2. Reuse product/component (Återanvänd produkt)
  -e.g. bottles
• 3. Recycle materials (Återvinn material) -
  glas, plastics, compost, digestion residue)
• 4. Other recovery - energy etc. (Annan
  återvinning, energi etc.) incinerate, digest
  (förbränn, röta)
• 5. Safe and environmentally safe disposal (Säkert
  slutligt bortskaffande) landfilling of inert
  waste (deponering av icke nedbrytbart avfall)
• Member States shall take measures to encourage
  the options that deliver the best overall
  environmental outcome i.e. the hierarchy can be
  diverged from.

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EU Waste Goals and Means

• EU coucil - parlament compromise 20/10/2008
• 2011 Eco-design policy focusing on durable,
  reusable and recyclable products.
• 2014 Setting waste prevention and decoupling
  objectives for 2020.
• Annual review of progress in the implementation
  of waste prevention program.

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EU Waste Goals

• EU council - parliament compromise 20/10/2008
• Reuse and recycling
• By 2015 separate collection at least of paper,
  metal, plastic and glass.
• By 2020 re-use and recycling of at least paper,
  metal, plastic and glass from households minimum
  overall 50 by weight.
• By 2020 re-use, recycling and other material
  recovery, including backfilling of non-hazardous
  construction and demolition waste minimum 70 by
  weight.
• Bio-waste Member States must encourage the
  separate collection of bio-waste with a view to
  the composting and digestion of bio-waste.
• End-of-waste Criteria should be considered at
  least for paper, glass, metal, tires and
  textiles.
• Reclassification of hazardous waste as
  non-hazardous waste may not be achieved by
  diluting or mixing the waste with the aim of
  lowering the initial concentrations of hazardous
  substances.

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Separate collection of biowaste
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Waste Swedish goals

• 16 national environmental quality goals (wordings
  under revision)
• Objectives good health, environment and resource
  efficiency
• Limited effect on the climate
• Emissions of green house gases - Average for
  2008-2012 should be 4 less than 1990.
• Good built environment (God bebyggd miljö)
• Decreased waste
• Landfilling halved Should decrease by 50 1994
  to 2005
• Waste generation should not increase
• 35 of food waste from households should be
  treated biologically by 2010, and 100 of
  suitable corresponding industrial waste
• 60 of sewage phosphorus should be recycled to
  productive land by 2015.
• Non-toxic environment (Giftfri miljö)
• 2015 should the exposure of the population to Cd
  be at a safe level
• Ban from 2007 on Hg and persistent
  bio-accumulating carcinogenic, mutagenic and
  reproduction disruptive substances
• Ban from 2010 on Cd and Pb and other persistent
  bio-accumulating organic substances

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Waste Swedish means

• Waste must be sorted (illegal to incinerate or
  landfill unsorted waste)
• Illegal to landfill sorted combustible waste from
  2002
• Illegal to landfill biowaste from 2005
• Landfill tax (2000 250 SEK/ton, 2005 370 SEK
  SEK/ton, and since 2006 435 SEK/ton).
• Tax on the fossil energy content going to waste
  incineration (2006 71- 487 SEK/ton) depending on
  how energy is utilized (was removed Oct 2010).
• Producer responsibility for products newsprint,
  office paper, packaging materials, electric
  electronic, cars tyres)

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Biowaste - Sweden

• 35 of food waste from households should be
  treated biologically (including home composting)
  by 2010, and 100 of suitable corresponding
  industrial waste
• Estimated amount ? 350.000 ton, 39 kg/pers,yr
• Estimated additional cost 155 mill SEK/yr
• Reasons
• Save fossil resources recycle nutrients and
  humus
• Minimize landfilling
• Small scale less transports
• Encourages environmental conscience and thus a
  non-toxic environment
• Improves incinerator utilization

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Responsibilities

• Municipality responsible for all household
  waste (including septic sludge, source separated
  urine etc.) and similar waste from activities,
  but excluding source separated producer
  responsible waste
• Producers for waste with product responsibility
  (newsprint, office paper, packaging, electric
  electronic, cars tires) but municipalities
  are responsible for the historic electric waste
  of the households
• Enterprises and businesses responsible for
  their own waste, except for the hazardous waste
  in municipalities which have decided to enlarge
  their responsibility to all hazardous waste in
  the municipality

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Materials wastes 1998

Total 129 million ton/yr
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Household waste, 1000 of ton/yr
2008 - 511 kg/person, yr
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Landfilling, 1000 of ton/yr
2008 15.2 kg/person hh waste
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Landfill
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Treatment of household waste 2008
Material recycling 35 13 biotreatment48
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Material recovery
Type of material 2008 Requirement
Newsprint 89 75
Office print 68 50 (volontary)
Paper packaging, mtrl/tot 74 65
Metal packaging 67 70
Glas packaging 94 70
Plastic packaging , mtrl/tot 60/30 70/30
White goods, freezers etc. 95
Electric electronic 80
Metals from households 95
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Incineration, 1000 of ton/yr
248 kg/pers hh waste 2008
20
GRAABS plant, Gothenburg
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Waste incineration 2008

• 29 incineration plants for household waste, 4.6
  Mton/yr, of which 2.3 Mton/yr household waste
• Sizes gt 200 000/yr 7 plants (Sthlm, Gbg, Lin,
  Mö, Stje, Svall, Ua), 100 000 - 200 000/yr 4
  plants and lt100 000/yr 18 plants
• Energy recovery 12.2 TWh heat (29 of district
  heating) 1.5 TWh electricity (1 of electricity
  use)
• Mass decreases by 75, volume by 90.
• Residues slag 20, fly ash 3-5 (hazardous
  waste)
• Initially introduced for mass and volume reduction

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Air emissions
Substance 1985 1996 2002 2005 2008 Reduction85-08
Particles,ton 420 33 35 39 30 93
HCl, ton 8400 412 143 98 39 100
SOx, ton 3400 1121 790 310 154 95
NOx, ton 3400 1463 1815 1904 2190 35
Hg, kg 3300 77 21 33 44 99
Cd, kg 400 8 15 (CdTl) 21 (CdTl) 6 (CdTl) gt98
Pb, kg 25 000 214 138 77 136 99
Dioxins, g 90 2 1.1 1.1 0,8 99
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Digestion, 1000 of ton/yr
2008 18 digestion plants for waste, total 0,41
Mton/yr, of which 0.068 Mton/yr household waste
New classification from 2004
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Anaerobic digestion
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Energy from biowaste anaerobic digestion

• 2008 18 digestion plants for waste, total 0,41
  Mton/yr, of which 0.068 Mton/yr household waste
• 50 plants 10 000-70 000/yr, 50 lt10 000
• In addition, approx 120 digestion plants for
  sewage sludge
• Biogas 55-70 CH4, 30-45 CO2, H2S, H2O, NH3
• Gas treatment needed depends on biogas use
• Heat no/minimal cleaning, removal of H2S good
• Electricityheat - H2S cleaning
• Mobile fuel (mainly buses) - CO2 and H2S cleaning

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Composting, 1000 of ton/yr
2008 gt31 municipalities, 5 gt20.000 ton, 9
10-20.000 ton/yr
New classification from 2006
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Biologically treated household waste, 1000 of
ton/yr
Goal 2010 35 of food waste treated
biologically2008 approx 20 was treated
biologically, 133 of 290 municipalities collect
food waste separately
New classification from 2006
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Biodegma plant Goretex roof
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Quality Assurance System

• Compost plants 3 compost plants
• AD plants 8 plants
• 30 AD plants in voluntary agreement on minimizing
  methane emissions

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Quality Assurance levels
Country Quality Standard of Cd Cr Cu Hg Ni Pb Zn
AT Biowaste Ordinance Class A 1 70 150 0,7 60 120 500
BE (Fland.) Agricultural Ministry 1,5 70 90 1 20 120 300
DK Agricultural Ministry 0,4 - 1000 0,8 30 120 4000
D Biowaste Ordinance Type II 1,5 100 100 1 50 150 400
IRE Draft 1,5 100 100 1 50 150 350
LUX Environmental Ministry 1,5 100 100 1 50 150 400
NL Second Class ?Compost? 1 50 60 0,3 20 100 200
ES (Cata.) Class A (draft) 2 100 100 1 60 150 400
SWE Quality assurance organisation 1 100 100 1 50 100 300
UK TCA Quality Label 1,5 100 200 1 50 150 400
Ref European Compost Network, http//www.compostn
etwork.info/index.php?id10
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Swedish waste economy

• Cost
• Municipality household waste management 2008
• Single houses, 26 collections/yr, approx 1980
  SEK/hh, yr Apartments 1300 SEK/hh, yr. On
  average 675 SEK/pers, yr
• Producers miljöavgift
• Producer responsibility fees (2001) Single
  houses 220-400 SEK/hh, yr
• Treatment fees 2008
• Landfilling 700-1200 kr/ton
• Incineration 550-1100 kr/ton
• Biologal treatment 400-800 kr/ton

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Waste generation Western EU
Source Waste and material flows 2004 Current
situation for Europe, Caucasus and Central Asia
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Waste generation central eastern Europe
Source Waste and material flows 2004 Current
situation for Europe, Caucasus and Central Asia
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Household waste vs GDP 2005
Energy from waste - An international perspective,
ISSN 1103-4092
35
Waste generation in developing countries
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Waste composition developing countries
Zurbrügg. 2002. Urban Solid Waste Management in
Low Income Countries of Asia How to Cope with
the Garbage Crisis
37
Packaging put on market
Source Waste and material flows 2004 Current
situation for Europe, Caucasus and Central Asia
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Packaging recovered
Source Waste and material flows 2004 Current
situation for Europe, Caucasus and Central Asia
39
Municipal waste treatment EU
Source Waste and material flows 2004 Current
situation for Europe, Caucasus and Central Asia
40
Energy from waste Europe
Sweden recovers 2,5 MWh/ton Netherlands ?1,4
MWh/ton UK 0,6 MWh/ton
Energy from waste - An international perspective,
ISSN 1103-4092
41
Biogas and Landfill gas in EU
Energy from waste - An international perspective,
ISSN 1103-4092
42
Biogas and Landfill gas use in EU
Energy from waste - An international perspective,
ISSN 1103-4092
43
Plant nutrients, g/pers, yr
Ref Jönsson et al. 2005
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Anthropogenic nitrogen
Pollutant ca 50 SEK/kg Resource 5-10 SEK/kg
45
Anthropogenic phosphorus
Pollutant 100s of SEK/kg Resurce app 15 SEK/kg
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Waste, manure etc.
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Nutrients kg/ton wet weight
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Values SEK/ton
N 8,50 SEK/kg P 11 SEK/kg K 5 SEK/kg S 0
SEK/kg
Prices 2005!
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Sewage sludge disposal
Source Waste and material flows 2004 Current
situation for Europe, Caucasus and Central Asia