Human anatomy

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Human anatomy

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Basic Concepts of Anatomy

• Definition human anatomy, the oldest science
  dealing with the structures and functions of body
• Organization
• Systematic anatomy
• Regional anatomy
• Neuroanatomy
• Sectional anatomy
• Functional anatomy
• Clinical anatomy

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Hippocrates----?????(???460377)?????????????????
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• Vesalius------(15141564) ?????????,??????????,??
  ?1543????????????????????
• Modern medicine began in 1543 with the
  publication of the first complete textbook of
  human anatomy, De Humanis Corporis Fabrica by
  Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564).

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• Harvey------(15781657)
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• ???????(17681831)????????????????????????????
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• 19492006???????????????,???????????????????????,?
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Special techniques
X-rays radiograph
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MR scan showing an enhancing mass which is a
meningioma growing from the meninges at the edge
of the foramen magnum. The tumour is benign but
is causing compression of the brain stem and
secondary hydrocephalus.
MRI scan of head in sagittal plane.
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Examination

• Identify 20 structures (30 marks)
• Written examination
• 35 single-choice questions (35 marks)
• 15 multi-choice questions (15 marks)
• 4 short answer questions (20marks)

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• ???????????????????????,??????????????
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• 1.?????????????,?????????????????????,???????????
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  ??(???????????????????????????)??????????????????

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• 2.??????????????????????????????,????????,?????
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• 3.????????????????????????????????????,??????????
  ?,?????????????????????????????,????,????,??tropez
  ium(????)?tropezoid(????),??????,????????????????c
  alcaneus(??)? claustrum(???)? amygdaloid
  body(???)??????????,??????12????,???????????,????
  ??????

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• 4.??????????????,????????????????????????,???????
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• 5.??????????????,??sternocleidomastoid(?????)???1
  9?????,???????stern-?cleid-?mastoid??????,????????
  ?????o ??temporomandibular joint(?????)?coracobra
  chialis( ???)?brachioradialis(???)?pancreaticoduod
  enal(??????)?iliohypogastric(????)?pericardiacophr
  anic artery(?????)?????????????,???????23????????
  ??????????,??????????????,?????????????
• ?????????????????????,??para-(?),paras
  ympathetic(???)pre-(?),preganglionic(???)sub-(?)
  ,subclavian artery(?????)supra-(?),suprascapular
  artery(?????)??

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• 6.???????????????????,???????????,?????????????,?
  ??????????????????,??????????????????????????????,
  ????????????????????????????????,??appendicitis(??
  ?),??append-(??)???-itis ???gastr-(??)???-itis??ga
  stritis(??) bronchitis(???)?bronch-(??)???-itis
  ???append-(??)???-ectomy??appendectomy(?????)?gast
  r-(??)???-ectomy??gastrectomy(????)?laryng- (?)
  ???-otomy??laryngotomy(????)??????????????????????
  ?????????

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Work hard! Play hard!
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Descriptive anatomical terms????

• The anatomical position
• (?????)
• The body is upright, legs together, and
  directed forwards. The palms are turned forward,
  with the thumbs laterally.

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The terms of the direction????

• superior ? (cranial ??)
• inferior ? (caudal ?? )
• Anterior ? (ventral ?? )
• Posterior ? (dorsal ?? )
• medial ??
• lateral ??
• internal ?
• external ?
• superficial ?
• profound ?
• proximal ??
• distal ??

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The terms of the direction????

• ulnar ??
• radial ??
• tibial ??
• fibular ??
• left ?
• right ?
• vertical ??
• horizontal ??
• central ??
• unilateral ??
• bilateral ??
• contralateral ??
• homolateral ??

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Anatomical axes and planes (???)

• Axis ?
• Vertical axis ???
• Sagittal axis ???
• Coronal axis ???

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Anatomical axes and planes (???)

• Plane?
• Sagittal plane ???
• Coronal plane ???
• Horizontal plane???
• or transverse plane ???

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Planes of the Body
Fig 2.8
Sagittal
Frontal
Transverse
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Abbreviations of terms

• a., aa. artery, arteries
• ant. anterior
• f. fibre or fiber
• inf. inferior
• lig. ligament
• ln. lymph node
• m., mm. muscle, muscles
• n., nn. nerve, nerves
• post. posterior
• sup. superior
• v. vein

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The Locomotor System ????

• Composed
• Bones ?
• Joints ??
• Muscles ???
• Major function
• Support ??
• Protection ??
• Locomotion ??

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Introduction of the osteology ????

• Classification of bone
• Bones in adult are 206 in number. Bones are
  classified according to their position and shape.
  
• The position can be
• skull ??
• bones of trunk ???
• appendicular skeleton ???
• Types of shape include
• 1. long bone ??
• 2. short bone ??
• 3. flat bone ??
• 4. irregular bone ????

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Introduction of the osteology ????

• 1. Long bones (found in limbs)
• Diaphysis or shaft ??, which is hollow (medullary
  cavity ???), filled with bone marrow
• Two ends-epiphysis ?
• Articular surface ???
• Metaphysis ???
• Epiphysial cartilage ???
• Epiphysial line ??
• 2. Short bones cuboidal in shape, e.g. carpal
  bones

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Introduction of the osteology ????

• 3. Flat bones thin,
• 4. Irregular bones have any irregular or mixed
  shape, e.g. vertebrae, pneumatic bones ???
• Sesamoid bones ??develop within tendon

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General structures of bone????

• Bony substance ??
• Periosteum ??
• Bone marrow ??

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General structures of bone????

• 1. Bony substance ??
• compact bone ???
• spongy bone ???
• Trabeculae ???

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General structures of bone????

• ?In the flat bones of the skull, the layers of
  compact bone are called the outer plate ??and
  inner plate ??, while the layer of spongy bone is
  called the diploë ??

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General structures of bone????

• 2. Periosteum ??
• Outer or fibrous layer
• Inner layer is vascular and provides the
  underlying bone with nutrition. It also contains
  osteoblasts(????)
• Endosteum ??? is a single-cellular osteogenic
  layer lining the inner surface of bone.
• 3. Bone marrow ??
• Red marrow ???haematopoietic ??
• Yellow marrow??? fatty

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Chemical composition and physical
properties?????????

• Organic material ???the main one is collagen
• gives the bones resilience and toughness
• Inorganic salts ??? the main one is calcium
  phosphate give the bones hardness and rigidity
  

Organic material Inorganic salts
Children 1 1
Adult 3 7
Old 1 4
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?. Bones of trunk ???

• Composition
• Vertebrae ??
• Sacrum ??
• Coccyx ??
• Sternum ??
• Ribs ?

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1. Vertebrae ??

• There are 33 vertebrae in children, arranged as
  follows
• Cervical vertebrae ?? C. 7
• Thoracic vertebrae ?? T. 12
• Lumbar vertebrae ?? L. 5
• Sacral vertebrae ?? S. 5 ?sacrum ??
• Coccygeal vertebrae ?? Co.3-4 ?coccyx ??

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1)General features of vertebrae???????

• Vertebral body ??
• Vertebral arch ??
• pedicle of vertebral arch ??? sup. and inf.
  vertebral notch
• ??????
• lamina of vertebral arch ???
• process (7)
• spinous process ??
• transverse process ??
• sup. and inf. articular processes
• ??????
• Vertebral foramen ??
• Vertebral canal ??
• Intervertebral foramen ???

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2)Regional variations of vertebrae???????
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(1)Thoracic vertebrae ??

• Vertebrae Body
• heart-shape, superior and inferior costal
  fovea ?????
• Vertebral foramen
• smaller, rounder
• Spinous processes
• long, point obliquely downward
• Transverse processes
• transverse costal fovea ????
• Articular processes coronal

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(2)Cervical vertebrae ??

• Vertebrae Body
• small
• uncus of vertebral body ???
• Vertebral foramen large and triangular in shape
• Spinous processes
• short and bifid in C3 to C5, long in C6, and
  longer in C7
• Transverse processes
• short and bifid, transverse foramen ???
• Articular processes horizontal

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Atypical vertebeae ?????

• Atlas ?? (C1)
• Body and spinous process absent
• consists of anterior and posterior arches, and
  two lateral masses
• Groove for vertebral artery ????

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Atypical vertebeae ?????

• Axis ?? (C2)
• Distinguished by dens ??
• Which articulates with dental fovea of anterior
  arch of atlas

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Atypical vertebeae ?????

• Carotid tubercle ????? anterior tubercle of
  transverse process of C6
• Vertebra prominens ??(C7)contains long and
  non-bifid spinous process, it is visible with
  neck flexed, used as clinical landmark in
  counting cervical and thoracic spinous processes

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(3)Lumbar vertebrae ??

• Vertebrae Body
• larger, kidney-shape
• Vertebral foramen
• larger and triangular
• Spinous processes
• projects horizontally
• Transverse processes
• long
• Articular processes sagittal

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Regional variations of vertebrae???????
Cervical vertebrae Thoracic vertebrae Lumber vertebrae
Body Small Heart-shape, have superior and inferior costal fovea for rib heads Larger, kidney-shape
Vertebral foramen Larger and triangular Smaller, rounder Larger and triangular
Spinous processes Short and bifid in C3 to C5, long in C6,and longer in C7 Long, point obliquely downward Projects horizontally
Transverse processes Short and bifid, transverse foramen Have transverse costal fovea for rib tubercles Long
Articular processes Horizontal Coronal Sagittal
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(4)Sacrum ??

• Anterior surface
• Promontory ?
• anterior sacral foramina ???(four pairs)
• Posterior surface
• median sacral crest ????
• posterior sacral foramina ???(four pairs)
• sacral canal ??
• sacral hiatus ????
• sacral cornu ??
• Lateral part
• auricular surface ???
• sacral tuberosity ???

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Cornua
Sacral hiatus
palpation
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caudal anaesthesia
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2. Sternum??

• Manubrium sterni ???
• jugular notch ?????
• clavicular notch ???
• Body of sternum ???
• Costal notches ???
• Xiphoid process ??

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2. Sternum??

• ? Sternal angle ???
• the junction of manubrium and body
• which connects 2nd costal cartilage laterally
• lies opposite lower border of T4 posteriorly

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3. Ribs?

• General features
• 12 pair
• Ribs 17 called true ribs ??
• Ribs 810 called false ribs ??
• Ribs 1112 called floating ribs ??

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1)Characteristics of typical rib ????

• Posterior end
• costal head ??
• costal neck ??
• costal tubercle ???
• Shaft
• costal angle ??
• costal groove ??
• Anterior end

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Atypical rib ?????

• First rib
• tubercle for scalenus anterior ??????
• sulcus for subclavian vein and artery ????????
• 11th and 12th ribs lack costal necks, tubercles
  and angles

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You must identify follow structures!

• Vertebral body ??
• Vertebral arch ??
• pedicle of vertebral arch ???
• sup. and inf. vertebral notch
• ??????
• lamina of vertebral arch ???
• spinous process ??
• transverse process ??
• sup. and inf. articular processes
• ??????
• Vertebral foramen ??

• Intervertebral foramen ???
• superior and inferior costal fovea ?????
• transverse costal fovea ????
• transverse foramen ???
• Atlas ??
• Groove for vertebral artery ????
• Promontory ?
• anterior sacral foramina ???median sacral crest
  ????
• posterior sacral foramina ???

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You must identify follow structures!

• sacral canal ??
• sacral hiatus ????
• sacral cornu ??
• auricular surface ???
• sacral tuberosity ???
• Manubrium sterni ???
• jugular notch ?????
• clavicular notch ???

• Body of sternum ???
• Xiphoid process ??
• Sternal angle???
• costal head ??
• costal neck ??
• costal tubercle ???
• costal angle ??
• costal groove ??