Chapter 35 America in World War II

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Chapter 35America in World War II
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Americas Motivation

• United States was plunged into the inferno of
  World War II with the most humiliating defeat in
  history.
• U.S was looking to avenge the devastating attack
  in Pearl Harbor
• Americans adopted Get Japan First motto
• However the government had adopted Get Germany
  First motto

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Allies Trade Space for Time

• The Allies had the great mass of worlds
  population.
• Allies had the largest number of people while
  Germany had fewer number of people
• U.S had the mightiest military power on earth.
• Also, expense was no limitation for the allies.
• The only thing that the Allies didnt have was
  time.

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Allies Spread Trade Space for Time

• Americas task was far more complex
• It had to feed, clothe, and arm itself
• it also had to transport it forces to regions as
  separated as Britain and Burma
• It had to send a vast amount of food and
  munitions to desperate allies

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• Burma is located in Asia and has changed its
  name to Myanmar.

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The Shock of War

• WWII speeded the assimilation of many ethnic
  groups into American society.
• Japanese people in America were forcibly herded
  together in internment camps
• Even though two-thirds of them were American born
  U.S citizens
• The camps deprived the people from dignity and
  basic rights
• Supreme Court in 1944 upheld the
  constitutionality of the internment camps in
  Korematsu vs. U.S
• In 1988, more than 4 decades later, the
  government officially apologized for its actions
  and approved the payment of reparations of
  20,000 to each camp survivor

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Japanese Internment Camps
Name State Opened Max Popn
Manzanar California 1942 10,046
Tule Lake California 1942 18,789
Poston Arizona 1942 17,814
Gila River Arizona 1942 13,348
Granada Colorado 1942 7,318
Heart Mountain Wyoming 1942 10,767
Rohwer Arkansas 1942 9,397
Jerome Arkansas 1942 8,130
Minidoka Idaho 1942 8,475
Topaz Utah 1942 8,497
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Location of the Camps
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• Japanese American
• Internment Camps

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Building the War Machine

• American factories poured forth an avalanche of
  weaponry
• 40 billion bullets, 300,000 aircraft, 76,000
  ships, 86,000 tanks and 2.6 million machine gun
• Lowered productions of nonessential items
• Farmers also increased their output
• Armed forces drained the farms of workers
• New heavy investments in agriculture machinery
  and improve fertilizers made up the difference

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Building the War Machine

• Labor Union increased from 10 millions to 13
  millions
• Resented the government dictated wage ceiling
• Had many walk-outs which plagued the war
• In June 1943, Congress passed Smith- Connally
  Anti-Strike Act
• Allowed federal government to seize and operate
  tied up industries
• Strikes against any government-operated industry
  were made a criminal offense

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Manpower and Woman Power

• Armed services enlisted nearly 15 million men and
  216,000 women for noncombatant duties
• Needed many workers so they brought in women to
  work in factories
• more than 6 millions women took up jobs outside
  of their homes
• At the wars end. Two-thirds of women war workers
  were left in the labor force

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Womens Role in WWII

• Rosie the Riveter became a symbol for women
  workers in American Defense Industries

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Wartime Migrations

• War industries sucked people into boomtowns like
  Los Angeles, Detroit, Seattle, and Baton Rouge
• South experienced dramatic changes
• Received a disproportionate share of defense
  contracts
• 1.6 million blacks left south for west and north

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Segregation in the Armed Forces

• Black people were drafted into armed forces
• Assigned to service branches rather than combat
  units and subjected to petty degradations
• in general, the war helped embolden blacks in
  their long struggle for equality

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Holding the Home Front

• The war invigorated Americas economy and lifted
  the country out of a decade-long depression
• Gross national product vaulted from less than
  100 billions in 1940 to 200 billions in 1945
• The debt also skyrocketed from 49 billion in
  1941 to 259 billions in 1945
• The war was costing about 10 million an hour

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The Rising Sun in the Pacific

• Japanese launched widespread and uniformly
  successful attacks on various Far Eastern
  bastions
• Included Guam, Wake, and the Philippines
• Also seized Hong Kong, British Malaya and cut off
  the critical Burma Road

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Far Eastern Bastions

• Guam Wake The Philippines

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Japans High Tide at Midway

• Japan also pushed southward
• Invaded New Guinea, Australia, Solomon Islands
• Finally lost the battle at Midway Island to U.S
• All the fighting was done by carrier-based
  aircraft
• Didnt fired a shot directly at each other

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• Admiral Nimitz Hellcat Fighter Plane

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American Leapfrogging Toward Tokyo

• Admiral Nimitz skillfully coordinated naval, air
  and ground units
• Americas new weapon Hellcat, a fighter plane,
  destroyed 250 Japanese aircraft while only losing
  29 American planes
• On November 1944, round the clock bombing of
  Japan began

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The Allied Halting of Hitler

• Hitler had formidable fleet of submarines in the
  Atlantic Ocean
• At first getting the upper hand was difficult
• But British code-breakers broke the Germans
  Enigma codes and track the U-boats lurking the
  North Atlantic

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The Allied Halting of Hitler

• The turning point of the land-air war was in
  1942.
• British and America were cascading bombs on
  German cities
• On October 1942, British general Bernard
  Montgomery delivered a withering attack at El
  Alamein
• The success gave a new lift to the Allied cause
  especially for the Soviet
• In November 1942, Russians unleashed a crushing
  counteroffensive
• A year later, Stalin regained about two-thirds of
  the Soviet land

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D-Day June 6, 1944

• Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin met in person to
  coordinate their attack plan in Teheran, the
  capital of Iran
• Went on from November 28th to December 1st, 1943
• Preparations for the cross-channel invasion of
  France were gigantic
• In Britain, more than 3 millions men were readied
• U.S provided majority of the Allied warriors
• Overall command was entrusted to General
  Eisenhower
• The attack was pinpointed to French Normandy
  which was held by Germany

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• Stalin, Churchill and FDR

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D-Day June 6, 1944

• Germans were tricked into expecting a blow to
  fall farther north
• The Allies were able to block reinforcements by
  crippling the railroads
• Germans retreated in August 1944 when
  American-French force swept northward
• In August 1944, Paris was liberated
• In October 1944, the first important German city,
  Aachen, fell to the Americans

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Map of Germany
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FDR The Fourth-Term of 1944

• Victory-starved Republicans met in Chicago and
  nominated Thomas E. Dewey for President and John
  W. Bricker of Ohio for Vice President
• FDR was the indispensable man of the Democrats
• He was nominated on the first ballot by applause
• Senator Harry S. Truman of Missouri was nominated
  for Vice-President

• Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR)
• Harry S. Truman

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Roosevelt Defeats Dewey

• Roosevelt won his fourth term as President over
  Thomas Dewey
• A sweeping victory 432 to 99 in the Electoral
  College
• 25,606,585 to 22,014,745 in the popular vote
• He mostly won because the war was going well

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The Last Days of Hitler

• By the end of December, Germany seems to be
  losing its strength
• Desperate, Hitler staked everything on one last
  throw of his reserves
• On December 16, 1944, he attacked the Ardennes
  Forest
• Objective was the Belgian port of Antwerp
• Americans were caught off guard but they
  stabilize

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The Last Days of Hitler

• In March 1945, American troops reached Rhine
  River and found a bridge that led to Elbe River
  in April 1945.
• In Berlin, they found concentration camps where
  Nazis had murder the undesirables including 6
  millions jews.

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Holocaust

• The Allies didnt know the extent of the
  Holocaust until the discovery of the
  concentration camps

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Tragedy Struck America

• On April 12, 1945, FDR, while relaxing at Warm
  Springs, died from a massive cerebral hemorrhage
• Bewildered, unbriefed Vice President Truman took
  the oath
• On May 7, 1945, Germany surrendered
  unconditionally
• May 8 was officially proclaimed V-E (Victory in
  Europe)

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The Atomic Bombs and Japans Defeat

• America was planning on an all-out invasion of
  Japan
• Albert Einstein was pushed ahead to unlock the
  secret of an atomic bomb
• The Manhattan Project or the atomic bomb pushed
  forward
• Originally intended for Germany but now Japan
• Robert Oppenheimer invented the bomb

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Hiroshima Bombing

• On August 6, 1945, a lone American bomber dropped
  one atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan
• 180,000 were killed, wounded or missing
• 70,000 died immediately
• 60,000 more perished from burns and radiation
  disease

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Hiroshima Bombing
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The Atomic Bomb and Japans Defeat

• Two days after the bombing, Stalin entered the
  war against Japan
• However, Japan didnt surrender
• 2nd atomic bomb was dropped in Nagasaki on August
  9th.
• 80,000 people were killed or missing
• Finally, on August 10, 1945, Tokyo sued for peace
  on one condition
• Hirohito would be allowed to remain on his throne
  as nominal emperor
• On September 2, 1945, official surrender
  ceremonies were conducted
• America celebrated V-J (Victory in Japan Day)
  after the most horrible war in history that ended
  with two mushrooming atomic clouds

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• Japan surrender
• on USS Missouri
• on Sept 2, 1945

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The Allies Triumphant

• WWII was terribly costly but profitable for U.S
• American lost 1 millions casualties
• Soviet Union lost 20 millions people
• America was untouched and healthy while the rest
  of the world was destroyed
• American military leadership proved to be of the
  highest order
• America industrialized more
• American people preserved their precious
  liberties without serious impairment.

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America Celebrate Victory