World War I

1
World War I

• Chapter 30-31
• 1914-1918

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Woodrow Wilson - 1912

• Taking advantage of the Republican disorder
  Democrats nominate progressive reformer Dr.
  Woodrow Wilson
• Wilson Doctor of Political Science at
  Princeton, President of Princeton (1902),
  Governor of New Jersey (1910)

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Election of 1912

• Wilson platform was called the New Freedom
  which called for stronger anti-trust legislation,
  banking reform and tariff reductions
• Roosevelt organized the Bull Moose Party with
  2000 delegates from 48 states

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Roosevelts Plan

• Consolidation of trusts and labor unions that
  would be regulated by the government
• Womens suffrage
• Minimum wage laws
• Socialistic social insurance

5
Wilsons Plan

• Favored small enterprise, entrepreneurship and
  free functioning unregulated and un-monopolized
  markets
• Enforcement of anti-trust laws
• Shunned social welfare

6
Election Results

• Wilson won with 41 of the popular vote
• Called for an all out assault on what he called
  the triple wall of privilege the tariff, the
  banks, and the trusts

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Tariffs

• Underwood Tariff Bill provided for a
  substantial reduction of rates
• In addition paved the road for the 16th Amendment
  which allowed for a graduated income tax

9
Banks

• Federal Reserve Act of 1913 President appointed
  a Federal Reserve Board
• 12 regional reserve districts with its own
  central the bank of banks

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Trusts

• Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914 searchlight
  on companies engaged in interstate commerce aim
  to CRUSH monopolies by uprooting unfair
  practices, including unlawful competition, false
  advertising, mislabeling, adulteration, and
  bribery
• Clayton Anti-Trust Act added to the list of
  objectionable business practices including price
  discrimination and interlocking directorates

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Help for the Farmers

• Federal Farm Loan Act of 1916 made credit
  available to farmers at low rates of interest
• Warehouse Act of 1916 authorized loans on
  security of staple crops

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Help for the Workers

• Seamens Act of 1915
• Workingmens Compensation Act of 1916
  assistance to federal employees during periods of
  disability
• Child labor laws
• Adamson Act of 1916 established the 8 hour work
  day for train employees with extra pay for
  overtime

13
Foreign Affairs

• Wilson opposed Dollar Diplomacy and Imperialism
• Ended the Panama Canal Tolls Act of 1912
• Jones Act Philippines to territorial status and
  promised independence as soon as a stable
  government could be established

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eating his Anti-Imperialism words.

• 1915 sent marines to Haiti to protect American
  interest
• 1915 sent marines to Dominican Republic
• 1917 Wilson purchased the Virgin Islands from
  Denmark
• 1917 Unrest in Mexico sent troops twice

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The Great War

• Europe was a volcano ready to explode in the
  early 1900s
• June 28, 1914 Serbian nationalist killed Franz
  Ferdinand, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary,
  and his wife Sophie

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The Start of the War

• Serbia was allied with powerful Slavic Russia.
• Russian Tsar Nicholas II mobilized troops and
  moved toward Germany on the east
• Alliance between France and Russia
• France confronted their ancient enemy, Germany,
  on the west

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Kaiser Wilhelm II Attacks

• Germany became alarmed and attacked France
  through Belgium
• AIM knock off France to use full force against
  Russia

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Britain Enters the War

• Great Britain felt threatened with the German
  attack on neutral Belgium
• Britain entered the war on the side of France and
  Russia

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Enter the war later
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The USA

• Neutrality Woodrow Wilson issued a routine
  neutrality proclamation, and urged all Americans
  to be neutral

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Blood Money

• 1914 United States was in a recession
• Demand for war materials by the French and
  British jump-start the US economy
• J.P. Morgan advanced the Allies 2.3 Billion
• THIS DID NOT VIOLATE INTERNATIONAL NEUTRALITY
  LAWS
• Germany was technically free to trade with the
  America but the British naval blockade prevented
  Germany from trading

23
Submarine Warfare

• February 1915 Germany announces an unrestricted
  submarine war
• Germany will try to uphold neutrality rights but
  mistakes might occur

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Unterseeboot

• 1915 German U-Boats sank 90 ships in the war
  zone
• Lusitania British passenger liner torpedoed and
  sunk off coast of Ireland
• May 7, 1915 1,198 dead with 128 Americans dead
• 4,200 cases of small arms ammunition were on board

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The Arabic

• The British ship Arabic was sunk in August 1915
• 200 Americans dead
• America protested - Germany agreed not to sink
  anymore unarmed ships without warning

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The Sussex Pledge

• March 1916
• German pledge was violated with the sinking of
  the French ship Sussex
• Wilson threatened to cut diplomatic relations
• Germans buckle but wanted Washington to persuade
  allies to modify blockade

Sign of the Imperial German Navy
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Election of 1916

• Republican candidate Charles Evans Hughes ran
  against Wilson
• Wilson won 277-254 in a very close race

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Neutrality Restated

• Jan. 22, 1917 restated US neutrality
• Jan. 31, 1917 Germany announced unrestricted
  submarine warfare
• Wilson broke diplomatic ties with Germany, but
  waited for overt agression

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The Zimmerman Note

• March 1, 1917
• German Foreign Secretary - Arthur Zimmerman
• Wrote letter to German ambassador to Mexico to
  propose an alliance
• Promised Mexico Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona
  after victory

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A war against tyranny

• German U-Boats promptly sank 4 unarmed American
  merchant vessels in March
• Vladimir Lenin and the Bolsheviks created a
  Communist state, and formally ended Russias
  involvement in the war

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The US Declares War

• April 2, 1917 Wilson asks Congress to declare
  war
• Only 6 Senators and 50 Representatives voted no

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Jeanette Rankin

• Jeanette Rankin (MT) 1st woman ever elected to
  the US Congress
• Voted no on the declaration of war

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The War to End All Wars

• Wilson said the war would be the war to end all
  wars
• He called it a crusade to make the world safe
  for democracy
• Aim of war shape international order and end
  autocratic, militaristic rule

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Wilsons Fourteen Points

• The Woodrow Wilson boosted the morale of the
  Allies
• Jan. 8, 1918 Wilson delivered his famous
  Fourteen Points speech to Congress
• 1. Abolish secret treaties
• 2. Freedom of the seas
• 3. Removal of economic barriers
• 4. Reduction of armaments
• 5. adjustment of colonial claims in the interest
  of both native people everywhere
• He also called for independence by
  self-determination
• 14. Proposed a League of Nations international
  organization that would provide collective world
  security

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Committee on Public Information

• Headed by journalist George Creel
• His job was to sell America on the war and sell
  Wilsons ideas
• Employed 150,000 four minute men at home and
  abroad
• Propaganda poster, billboards, leaflets, and
  pamphlets

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Hatred

• Orchestras would not play German composers
• German books were removed from libraries
• German classes were cancelled in schools
• Beer became suspect (Schlitz and Pabst)

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Fear of Germans

• Espionage Act of 1917 - 10,000 fine and 20 years
  imprisonment for interfering with the recruitment
  of troops or disclosure of information dealing
  with national defense. 900 went to prison under
  the act
• Sedition Act of 1918 federal crime to criticize
  the government or Constitution, negative opinions
  of the war, or the draft could lead to
  imprisonment

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Eugene V. Debs

• Socialist politician who had run for president
  was against the war
• He gave a speech encouraging young men to rethink
  their decision to go to war
• Imprisoned for violating the Espionage and
  Sedition Acts

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Schneck v. United States (1919)

• Supreme Court decision stating that freedom of
  speech can be revoked when it poses a clear and
  present danger to national defense
• Most people arrested for such war crimes were
  later pardoned by Republican Warren Harding in
  the 1920s

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United States ready for war?

• Shipbuilding programs were launched
• Army only had 100,000 regulars
• 15th largest Army in the world

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War Industries Board

• Bernard Baruch appt. head of WIB
• Created to organize production of steel and
  explosive powder

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Labor

• Labor will win the war.
• Work or Fight rule 1919 threatened any
  unemployed male with immediate draft
• Discouraged strikes

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The National War Labor Board

• Chaired by W.H. Taft
• To head off labor disputes that might hamper war
  efforts

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War Time Inflation

• Inflation increased during the First World War
• 1914-1920 prices more than doubled
• 6,000 strikes
• 1919 250,000 steel workers went on strike
• Companies refused to negotiate with unions, and
  30,000 black workers were brought in
• Setback crippled union for years

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The Great Migration

• 10,000 Southern blacks were drawn North during
  the war
• Jobs were available and fueled the movement
• Their appearance in northern cities sparked
  violence

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Women During The War

• Women worked in factories and fields while men
  were fighting
• Hurt the womens movement many feminist were
  pacifist
• National Womans Party led by Quaker Alice Paul

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Women During The War

• National American Woman Suffrage Association
• Supported Wilsons war
• Said women must take part in the war effort to
  earn a role in shaping the peace

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Womens Suffrage

• 1917 NY voted for womens suffrage.
• Michigan, Oklahoma, and South Dakota soon
  followed.
• 19th Amendment 1920- gave all American women
  the right to vote.

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War Economy

• Food Administration headed by Quaker Herbert
  Hoover
• Relied on voluntary compliance, not force
• Rejected ration cards
• Posters, billboards, newspapers, pulpits, and
  movies
• Wheatless Wednesdays Meatless Tuesdays
• Conservation and Victory Gardens

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War Economy

• Foodstuffs for production of alcohol was
  prohibited by the government
• Prohibition became a popular idea
• 18th Amendment 1919 prohibited manufacturing,
  sale, and distribution of alcohol

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War Economy

• Hoovers plan increased farm production by 25
• Food exports to Allies tripled
• Fuel Administration imitated Hoovers campaign by
  supporting heatless Mondays, gasless Sundays
  and lightless nights
• Treasury Department promoted Liberty Loan drives
  which netted 21 billion (2/3 the cost of the
  war)
• Nation took over railroads and shipbuilding in
  1917

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Doughboys

• Conscription laws were passed to raise an army
• All men between 18-45 had to register
• Exemptions were granted only in key industries
• 4 million man army
• Women and African Americans were allowed in army
  in segregated units

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Russia

• Vladimir Lenin and Bolsheviks take over Russia in
  1917
• Withdrew from capitalist war in 1918
• Two front war ended Germanys troops on the
  eastern front were sent to the western front

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US Troops

• United States an effective fighting force did
  not reach France until one year after the
  declaration of war
• Americans fought in France, Belgium, Italy, and
  Russia.
• 5,000 troops to Archangel, Russia
• 10,000 troops to Siberia along with 70,000
  Japanese

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Hammering the Hun

• Germans exploded on the western front Spring 1918
• 500,000 troops strong
• Terrifying momentum
• May 1918 Germans within 40 miles of Paris

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American Combat

• 30,000 American Marines enter the war at
  Chateau-Thierry
• 1st engagement of US troops against German
  regulars
• Truckloads of fresh American soldiers assist in
  the victory

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2nd Battle of the Marne

• July 1918 Germans are exhausted
• Americans assisted at the victory of the 2nd
  Battle of the Marne
• Beginning of German withdrawal
• Sept 1918 9 US Divisions (243,000) and 4 French
  Divisions pushed Germans from St. Mihiel

Chateau-Thierry Monument at the Marne River Valley
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General John J. Pershing

• American General given command in France
• Undertook the Meuse-Argonne Offensive
• September 26 - November 11, 1918
• Cut German rail lines to western front
• 47 days
• 120,000 killed/wounded

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Germans Seek Peace

• Oct. 1918 Germans turned to Wilson for peace
  based on his Fourteen Points
• Wilson wants Kaiser removed
• Kaiser Wilhelm II fled to Holland
• Armistice - 11 day of the 11 hour of the 11 month

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Wilson Loses Support

• 1918 Congressional Elections Wilson campaigns
  hard for Democratic candidates
• Republicans win majority in the US House
• Wilson goes to Paris to help with peace
  negotiations
• 1st sitting president to go to Europe

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Paris Peace Conference

• Controlled by the Big Four
• 1. Woodrow Wilson United States
• 2. Premier Vittorio Orlando Italy
• 3. Prime Minister David Lloyd George England
• 4. Premier Georges Clemenceau - France

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Treaty of Versailles

• Jane. 18, 1919 conference opened in France at
  Versailles
• Wilsons goal was to implement a world parliament
  known as the League of Nations
• Wilson stipulated that the victors would not take
  possession of the conquered territory outright
  but would receive it in trust
• Syria was given to France
• Iraq was awarded to Britain

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Wilson Returns Home

• Republicans, led by Sen. Henry Cabot Lodge,
  proclaimed they would not support the League of
  Nations and planned to Americanize the treaty
• Wilson appeals to the American people and
  embarked on a countrywide speech making tour

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Election of 1920

• Warren G. Harding
• Gov. James M. Cox
• Harding swept election 404-127
• Debs gets 1 million votes from prison
• Harding calls for a return to normalcy

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Collapse of the Treaty

• America never joined the League of Nations or
  ratified the treaty
• Treaty collapsed
• France began to fortify and arm the Franco-German
  border
• Germany began to illegally rearm
• What did WWI accomplish?