The Stuarts in English history

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The Stuarts in English history

• Liceo Scientifico A. Einstein
• School Year 2013 2014
• Class 4ALS
• Student Vitale Elisa

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The Stuarts

• Royal house that ruled Scotland.
• Ruled England from 1603 to 1714 after the House
  of Tudor.
• Succeded by the House of Hanover.
• Originally House of Stewart Stewart comes from
  steward (political position of office similar
  to a governor).
• Origins date back to Norman Conquest when Alan
  FitzFlaad came to Scotland. His great-grandson
  became first hereditary High Steward of Scotland.
• XVI century Mary, Queen of Scots adopted the
  French spelling Stuart.

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The Stuarts in England (1603 1714)

• Early Stuarts
• 1603 1625 King James VI and I
• 1625 1649 King Charles I
• Late Stuarts
• 1660 1685 King Charles II
• 1685 1688 King James II
• 1689 1694 Queen Mary II
• 1689 1702 King William III
• 1702 1714 Queen Anne

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James VI and I of Scotland (born 1566 died
1625)

• Son of Mary, Queen of Scots.
• 1567 Became King of Scotland at 1 year old.
• 1603 Succeeded Elizabeth I Tudor and became King
  of England ? England and Scotland united under
  one monarch.
• 1609 Ulster Plantation ? introduced English and
  Irish Protestants into Northern Ireland.
• Believed in Divine Right of Kings.
• Made Sunday Church-going compulsory.
• Refused to listen to Puritan demands for Church
  reform.

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James VI and I of Scotland(born 1566 died 1625)

• Unable to treat with the Parliament
• Unable to solve the countrys financial,
  political and religious problems left the
  country badly in debt.
• Cultural flourishing continued from Elizabethan
  Era supported an English translation of the
  Bible.
• James I wasnt a good king, had bad habits
  (avoided hard work, never washed his hands, )
  and was distant from his people.

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Charles I of England(born 1600 died 1649)

• James Is second son (his brother died in 1612)
• 1625 Became King of England
• Opposed the Parliament and believed in Divine
  Right of Kings.
• Supported the Church and married the catholic
  Henrietta Maria.
• 1629 Needed money to fight against Spain and
  France. The Parliament refused his requests.
  Charles dismissed Parliament and ruled alone for
  11 years ? Petition of Right
• 1639 1640 Bishops Wars
• 1642 1651 Civil War
• Executed in 1649.

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Petition of Right (1628)

• Presented by Sir Edward Coke because Charles I
  broke up Parliament and ruled on his own.
• Cited the Magna Carta (1215) the King isnt
  above the law and cant give Englishmen their
  rights.
• Charles I was asked
• Not to impose taxes without the Parliaments
  approval
• Not to imprison free men without trials
• Not to force free men to billet soldiers and
  sailors.
• The king accepted the Petition of Right, but soon
  broke his word and resumed the violations. This
  struggle resulted in the Civil War and ended with
  the beheading of Charles I in 1649.

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Interregnum Oliver Cromwell(born 1599 died
1658)

• Parliament member.
• Signatory of King Charles I's death warrant.
• 1649 Became Lord Protector of the republic of
  England, also known as Commonwealth.
• Refused the crown and ruled without Parliament.
• Religious toleration including Jews, excluding
  Atheists and Catholics.
• Defeated supporters of the kings son Charles II.
  
• Succeeded by son Richard in 1658, who had no wish
  to rule and ran away from London in 1660.

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Charles II of England(born 1630 died 1685)

• Charles Is son.
• 1649 became King of England, and was recognised
  as King of Scotland and Ireland.
• 1649 1660 Interregnum and Commonwealth.
• 1660 Parliament invited him to come back as King
  of England (Restoration).
• Known as Merry Monarch because of his love for
  parties, music and theatre abolished Cromwells
  laws that forbade music and dancing.
• Approved the foundation of Royal Society.
• Extravagant with money ? debts.
• Forced to marry Portuguese Catherine of Braganza
  from whom he had no children.

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James II of England(born 1633 died 1701)

• Charles IIs brother.
• 1685 Became King of England despite Parliament
  opposition and Test Acts (1673).
• Religious policy, openly catholic.
• Wanted his son James Francis Edward to succeed
  him. Excluded his nephew William III of Orange
  and his daughter Mary ? Bill of rights.
• 1688 Glorious Revolution and end of James IIs
  reign.
• 1689 James II was exiled in France.

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Bill of Rights (1689)

• Act presented by William of Orange and Mary,
  inviting them to become sovereigns of England.
• Condemned James II of England.
• Set right of the Parliament and limited the power
  of the crown end of the Divine Right of Kings
• Established that the King always had to be
  Protestant.
• Reestablished the liberty of Protestants to have
  arms for their defence within the rule of law.
• Required regular elections to Parliament.
• Established the right to petition the monarch
  without fear of retribution.

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Mary II of England(born 1662 died 1694)

• James IIs daughter, William IIIs cousin and
  wife.
• Protestant.
• 1689 Became Queen of England and Ireland.
• Shared the throne with her husband, but had less
  power than him.
• William heavily relied on her.
• Ruled alone during Williams military campaigns,
  proving herself to be a powerful, firm, and
  effective ruler.
• Died in 1694, leaving the throne to William.

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William III of England(born 1650 died 1702)

• James IIs nephew, Mary IIs cousin and husband.
• Last of the House of Orange.
• Protestant.
• 1689 Became King of England, Scotland and
  Ireland.
• Known as King Billy.
• Transition from personal to Parliament-centred
  rule.
• 1697 Defeated Louis XIV of France, his lifelong
  enemy.
• Died in 1702 after an incident (broken
  collarbone). He had no heir.

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Anne, Queen of Great Britain(born 1665 died
1714)

• Mary IIs sister.
• Married to Prince George of Denmark.
• First Queen of Great Britain.
• 1707 Act of Union. Kingdoms of England and
  Scotland became the United Kingdom of Great
  Britain.
• Known as brandy nan.
• Protestant.
• Supported the Glorious Revolution.
• Last of the Stuart dinasty none of her children
  survived infancy.
• Succeeded by George I of Hanover in 1714.