How is the Marine Biome Organised

1
How is the Marine Biome Organised
2
Essential Questions

• What is the marine biome?
• What are the marine life zones?
• What are the characteristics of marine life
  zones?

3
What is the marine biome?
4
Beneath the SurfaceThe Endless Voyage Series

• http//learning.aliant.net/Player/ALC_Player.asp?P
  rogIDINT_ENDVOY03
• Answer the Self-test questions after the video
• 27mins

5
The Marine Biome

• it is one of the largest biomes on earth
• includes three quarters of the earths water that
  contains thousands of different animals and
  plants
• includes
• Oceans
• oceans are very large bodies of water that
  dominate the Earth's surface
• Coral reefs
• warm shallow waters
• can be found as barriers along continents,
  fringing islands, and atolls
• Estuaries
• where freshwater streams or rivers merge with the
  ocean

6
Oceans

• 5 Major Oceans
• Indian Ocean
• washes upon southern Asia and separates Africa
  and Australia
• Atlantic Ocean
• separates the Americas from Eurasia and Africa
• Arctic Ocean
• covers much of the Arctic and washes upon
  northern North America and Eurasia
• Southern or Antarctic Ocean
• has no landmass separating it from other oceans
• encircles Antarctica and covers much of the
  Antarctic
• Pacific Ocean
• separates Asia and Australia from the Americas

7
(No Transcript)
8
Coral Reefs

• they are the only animals that can build
  structures visible from space
• are made of algae and tissues of animal polyps
• corals obtain nutrients to survive through
  photosynthesis process carried out by algae and
  extending their tentacles to capture plankton in
  water
• other marine animals and plants of the coral reef
  include microorganisms, invertebrates, fishes,
  sea urchins, star fishes, octopuses, etc

9
Estuaries

• partially enclosed body of water that are formed
  in areas where freshwater from rivers and streams
  flows into the ocean and get mixed with the salty
  waters
• also known around the world as bays, lagoons,
  harbors, inlets and sounds
• plants and animals of the estuaries include
  algae, seaweeds, marsh grasses and mangroves
• estuaries support a vast and diverse flora and
  fauna

10
What are the marine life zones?
11
Marine Life Zones
12
The Layers

• Epipelagic
• Mesopelagic
• Bathypelagic
• Abyssopelagic
• Hadopelagic
• Demersal Zone
• Benthic Zone

photic zone or euphotic zone
aphotic zone
13
Photic/Euphotic Zone

• is the depth of the water that is exposed to
  sufficient sunlight for photosynthesis to occur
• it extends from the atmosphere-water interface
  downwards to a depth where light intensity falls
  to 1 percent of that at the surface
• about 90 of all marine life lives in this region
  

14
Aphotic Zone

• is the portion of water where there is little or
  no sunlight
• the depths beyond which less than 1 of sunlight
  penetrates

15
One Ocean Mysteries of the Deep

• http//oneocean.cbc.ca/series/episodes/3-mysteries
  -of-the-deep
• Questions sheet provided
• 4507mins

16
What are the characteristics of marine life zones?
17
Epipelagic

• From the surface down to around 200 m (656 ft).
• illuminated surface zone where there is enough
  light for photosynthesis
• plants and animals are largely concentrated in
  this zone
• nearly all primary production in the ocean occurs
  here

18
Mesopelagic

• From 200 m down to around 1,000 m (3,281 ft)
• Also known as the middle pelagic or twilight zone
  
• some light penetrates this deep but it is
  insufficient for photosynthesis
• at about 500 m the water becomes depleted of
  oxygen
• some creatures living in the mesopelagic zone
  will rise to the epipelagic zone at night in
  order to feed
• is the location of the thermocline, with
  temperatures varying from over 20C at the top to
  around 4C at the bottom

19
Bathypelagic

• From 1,000 m down to around 4,000 m (13,124 ft)
• also known as midnight zone
• the ocean is pitch black, apart from the
  occasional bioluminescent organism
• no living plants, and most animals survive by
  consuming the snow of detritus falling from the
  zones above or by preying upon others
• average temperature is about 4C
• larger by volume than the euphotic zone

20
Abyssopelagic

• From 4,000 m down to above the ocean floor
• Very few creatures are sufficiently adapted to
  survive in the cold temperatures and incredible
  pressures found at this depth
• pressures of up to 76 megapascals (11,000 psi)
• temperatures around 2 to 3C

21
Hadopelagic

• The deep water in ocean trenches
• is mostly unknown, and very few species are known
  to live here
• many organisms live in hydrothermal vents
• most life at this depth is sustained by marine
  snow or the chemical reactions around thermal
  vents
• the deepest known is at 10,911 meters (35,814
  ft).
• at such depths, e.g., 36k ft. below sea level,
  the pressure in the Hadal zone will reach over
  110 MPa (16,000 psi)

22
Demersal Zone

• the part of the ocean comprising the water column
  that is near to (and is significantly affected
  by) the seabed and the benthos

23
Benthic Zone

• the ecological region at the lowest level of a
  body of water, including the sediment surface and
  some sub-surface layers
• Organisms living in this zone are called benthos
• many such organisms are permanently attached to
  the bottom
• live in close relationship with the substrate
  bottom