MARINE ECOSYSTEMS, NATIONAL JURISDICTION AND ARGO IN WEST AFRICA - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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MARINE ECOSYSTEMS, NATIONAL JURISDICTION AND ARGO IN WEST AFRICA

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Title: MARINE ECOSYSTEMS, NATIONAL JURISDICTION AND ARGO IN WEST AFRICA


1
  • MARINE ECOSYSTEMS, NATIONAL JURISDICTION AND ARGO
    IN WEST AFRICA
  • BY
  • LARRY AWOSIKA PhD
  • Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine
    Research
  • Lagos

2
DISCLAIMER
  • The views expressed in this presentation do not
    represent the opinion of the United Nations, the
    Commission on the Limits of the Continental
    Shelf, State parties to UNCLOS, any other UN
    Agency or private organisations.

3
  • MARINE ECOSYSTEMS
  • Marine ecosystems are a part of the largest
    aquatic system on the planet, covering over 70
    of the Earth's surface. The habitats that make up
    this vast system range from the productive
    nearshore regions to the barren ocean floor. Some
    examples of important marine ecosystems are
  • Oceans
  • Estuaries and salt marshes
  • Lagoons
  • Tropical Communities (Mangrove Forests and Coral
    Reefs)
  • Rocky subtidal (Kelp Beds and Seagrass Beds)
  • Intertidal (Rocky, sandy, and muddy shores)

4
  • CHARACTERISTICS
  • Relatively large regions on the order of
    200,000 km2 or greater,
  • distinct bathymetry,
  • hydrography,
  • productivity, and
  • tropically dependent populations.

5
  • Marine ecosystems are home to a host of different
    species ranging from tiny planktonic organisms
    that comprise the base of the marine food web
    (i.e., phytoplankton and zooplankton) to large
    marine mammals like the whales, manatees, and
    seals. Many fish species reside in marine
    ecosystems including flounder, scup, sea bass,
    monkfish, squid, mackerel, butterfish, and spiny
    dogfish. Birds are also plentiful including
    shorebirds, gulls, wading birds, and terns.

6
According to the World Resources Center, coastal
habitats alone account for approximately 1/3 of
all marine biological productivity, and estuarine
ecosystems (i.e., salt marshes, seagrasses,
mangrove forests) are among the most productive
regions on the planet. In addition, other marine
ecosystems such as coral reefs, provide food and
shelter to the highest levels of marine diversity
in the world.
7
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8
The Guinea Current Large Marine Ecosystem is
characterized by its tropical climate. It owes
its unity to the Guinea Current, an eastward flow
that is fed by the North Equatorial Counter
Current (NECC) off the Liberian coast.
9
Benguela LME borders the Atlantic Ocean is
defined by the Benguela Current. It is
characterized by its temperate climate. It is a
western boundary ecosystem, and the strongest
wind-driven coastal upwelling system known.
Climate is the primary force driving the LME,
with intensive fishing as the secondary driving
force
10
The Canary Current Large Marine Ecosystem is
bounded by the Atlantic Ocean and is
characterized by its temperate climate. This LME,
situated off the coast of Northwest Africa, shows
major upwelling and other seasonal nutrient
enrichments. Climate is the primary force driving
the LME, with intensive fishing as the secondary
driving force.
11
MANAGEMENT OF MARINE ECOSYSTEM TOOLS
  1. International conventions
  2. Regional conventions, protocols and activities
  3. National legislation and activities
  4. Institutional infrastructure and human resources
  5. Cooperation

12
A TOOL FOR PRESERVING THE OCEAN AND THE MARINE
ENVIRONMENT
  • The United Nations Convention on the Law of the
    Sea (UNCLOS) adopted in 1982 consists of a set of
    comprehensive legal framework dealing with all
    aspects of mans activities and interaction with
    the oceans and seas. The Convention sets out the
    legal framework within which all maritime
    activities should be consistent

13
  • THE MAJOR AREAS ADDRESSED BY UNCLOS
  • Limits of marine zones. (Territorial sea,
    contiguous zone, exclusive economic zone, and
    continental shelf)
  • Rights of navigation, including through straights
    used for international navigation.
  • Peace and security on the oceans and seas.
  • Conservation and management of living marine
    resources
  • Protection and preservation of the marine
    environment
  • Scientific research
  • Activities on the Sea bed beyond national
    jurisdictions
  • Procedures for settling disputes between
    States.

14
MARITIME ZONES
  • Territorial sea (TS) ART. 4 12 NM LIMIT
  • Contiguous zone (CZ) ART. 33 24M LIMIT
  • Exclusive economic zone (EEZ) ART. 57 200M
    LIMIT
  • Extended continental shelf (ECZ) Art 76 350M
    limit
  • UNCLOS requires States to deposit all
    coordinates of THE ABOVE claims with the United
    Nations.

15
Some West African State Parties to International
Law of the Sea Convention
16
Summary of claims to maritime spaces under
regional national jurisdiction of some States in
West Africa
17
LAW OF THE SEA CONVENTIONPART XIIIMARINE
SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
Article 238 RIGHT TO CONDUCT MARINE SCIENTIFIC
RESEARCH All States, irrespective of their
geographical location, and competent
international organizations have the right to
conduct marine scientific research subject to the
rights and duties of other States as provided for
in this Convention. Article 239 PROMOTION OF
MARINE SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH States and competent
international organizations shall promote and
facilitate the development and conduct of marine
scientific research in accordance with this
Convention.
18
UNCLOS Article 240GENERAL PRINCIPLES FOR THE
CONDUCT OF MARINE SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
  • In the conduct of marine scientific research the
    following principles shall apply
  • (a) marine scientific research shall be conducted
    exclusively for peaceful purposes
  • (b) marine scientific research shall be conducted
    with appropriate scientific methods and means
    compatible with this Convention
  • (c) marine scientific research shall not
    unjustifiably interfere with other legitimate
    uses of the sea compatible with this Convention
    and shall be duly respected in the course of such
    uses
  • (d) marine scientific research shall be conducted
    in compliance with all relevant regulations
    adopted in conformity with this Convention
    including those for the protection and
    preservation of the marine environment

19
  • IMPLEMENTATION FRAMEWORK IN WEST AFRICA

20
UN GA RESOLUTION 2004
  • Marine science
  • PARA 81. Calls upon States, individually, or in
    collaboration with each other or with relevant
    international organizations and bodies, to
    improve understanding and knowledge of the deep
    sea, including, in particular, the extent and
    vulnerability of deep sea biodiversity and
    ecosystems, by increasing their marine scientific
    research activities in accordance with the
    Convention

21
ARGO IMPLEMENTATION FRAMEWORK IN WEST AFRICA
  • WEST AFRICAN STATES can assert the right of
    jurisdiction over marine scientific research
    within its EEZ. While international law, of
    course, provides for this right.
  • West African states should encourage such
    research because there are many benefits to be
    derived from marine scientific research.

22
REGIONAL FRAMEWORK
  • IOC IOCEA REGIONAL ACTIVITIES AND NETWORK
  • UNEP ABDIJAN CONVENTION NETWORK
  • UNIDO LMES
  • International and bilateral NOAA, IFERMER, ETC

23
REGIONAL PROGRAMMES
  • ODINAFRICA
  • IODE
  • GOOS AFRICA
  • GCLME
  • BCLME
  • EXISTING IMPLEMETATION FRAMEWORK OF ALL THESE
    PROGRAMMES COULD BE HANDY FOR ARGO IN WEST AFRICA

24
NATIONAL FRAMEWORK
  • NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC CENTERS
  • UNIVERSITIES
  • FISHERIES RESEARCH CENTERS

25
ARGO IN WEST AFRICA
  • COLLABORATION IS THE KEY
  • ARGO UTILISING UN agencies should utilize
    regional and national settings and framework to
    ensure that country needs are understood, to
    assure coordination to meet both country and
    regionally-defined needs.

26
CONCLUSION
  • Effective management of marine resources
    particularly offshore requires an understanding
    of the general morphology of the ocean.
  • The research community will benefit from the data
    from ARGO floats.
  • Results of which can be used for industrial,
    scientific and management purposes.

27
T H A N K S F O R L I S T E R N I N G
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