Body Systems Ch. 8-12

1
Body Systems Ch. 8-12

• Body organization cells, tissues, organs, organ
  systems.
• There are 11 major body systems that work
  together to make your body function.

2
Skeletal System

• Bones, cartilage and connective tissue
• Approx. 206 bones
• Compact bone-has no visible open spaces rigid,
  dense outer layer
• Spongy bone-has many open spaces provides
  strength and support the second layer
• Marrow-soft tissue red produces blood cells
  yellow stores fat
• Joints-three types-gliding (wrist)
  ball-and-socket (shoulder) hinge (knee)

3
Muscular System

• Smooth muscle involuntary digestive system
• Cardiac muscle involuntary only in your heart
• Skeletal muscle voluntary and involuntary
  attached to bones by tendons work in pairs
  muscles that straighten-extensor (triceps) that
  bend-flexor (biceps)

4
Integumentary System

• Protects, covers and maintains homeostasis
• Includes hair, skin, and nails
• Two layers of skin epidermis and dermis

5
Cardiovascular System

• Heart, blood, blood vessels
• Maintains homeostasis (carries nutrients and
  removes waste)
• Heart-cardiac tissue about the size of your
  fist. Mammalian hearts have four chambers-2
  atria (top) and 2 ventricles (bottom) valves
  between chambers and the major arteries

6
Continued

• Blood vessels-arteries, veins, capillaries
• Arteries carry blood away from the heart have a
  layer of smooth muscle which also pump with the
  heart
• Capillaries allow exchange of
• nutrients and wastes between the blood and cells
• Veins carry the blood to the heart valves in
  them prevent backward bloodflow.

7
Lymphatic System

• Fights pathogens (germs) and collects excess
  fluids
• Carries fluids in lymphatic vessels throughout
  your body
• Lymph nodes-thoughout the body, filter lymph
  (fluid) and remove dead cells and pathogens from
  the body this is why they swell when you have an
  infection!
• Thymus, tonsils and spleen are other parts of the
  system.

8
Digestive System

• Breaks down food
• Food passes through mouth, esophagus, stomach,
  small intestine, large intestine, rectum
• Part of system but food doesnt go throughteeth,
  gallbladder, liver, pancreas
• Teeth and saliva begin breaking down food
  mechanically and chemically.

9

• Esophagus pushes food down by peristalsis (sm.
  Muscle movement)
• Stomach churns and uses acid and enzymes to break
  down food.
• Small intestine is covered with villi, which
  absorb the nutrients into the blood.
• Liver produces bile which is stored in the
  gallbladder, which is secreted into the sm. Int.
  to break down fats.
• Large intestine absorbs leftover water back into
  the body.

10
Urinary System

• Removes waste products from the blood.
• Kidneys filter the blood to remove wastes and
  water.

11
Nervous System

• Divided into two Central Nervous System (brain,
  spinal cord) and Peripheral Nervous System (all
  other parts)
• Gathers and interprets information from the
  environment and your body. Sends signals to your
  body.

12
Endocrine System

• Controls the bodys functions through hormones
  (chemicals).
• Hormones include epinephrine (adrenaline),
  thyroid hormone, estrogen, testosterone, insulin.
• Glands secrete hormones pituitary, thyroid,
  adrenals, pancreas, ovaries and testes.

13
Reproduction

• Sexual reproduction involves the union of two
  gametes (egg and sperm).
• External fertilization takes place outside the
  females body. Frogs, many fish, use ext.
  fertilization.
• Internal fertilization takes place inside the
  females body.

14
Mammals

• Mammals produce milk for their young. There are
  three types
• Monotremes lay eggs platypus
• Marsupial give birth to partially developed
  young that continue to develop in a pouch.
  Opossum, koala
• Placentals give birth to a more developed
  newborn than marsupials nourished inside the
  mothers body.

15
Placentals/Humans

• Words to know
• Umbilical Cord-connects the fetus (baby) to the
  placenta contains large blood vessels
• Placenta-structure that forms on the wall of the
  uterus that allows for the exchange of nutrients
  between fetus and mother

16

• In males, sperm are produced by the testes, which
  also produce testosterone.
• In females, eggs are produced by the ovaries and
  released usually once every 21-40 days during the
  menstrual cycle.
• Menstrual Cycle-starts at puberty and continues
  through the 40s or 50s prepares the body for
  pregnancy an egg matures, is released, then if
  not fertilized, is shed with the uterine lining
  in a process called menstruation. This bleeding
  lasts about 5 days (3-8). The cycle then starts
  over.

17
Development

• IF the egg is fertilized, the egg is now called a
  zygote. Once it divides, its called an embryo.
• The embryo will move down the fallopian tube into
  the uterus (fig. 1 p. 318) where it may implant
  into the uterine lining.
• Timeline-p. 321