College Biology Human Body Systems Chapters 35-40

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College BiologyHuman Body SystemsChapters 35-40
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Organization in Multi-cellular Organisms

1. Cell
2. Tissue group of similar cells that perform a
   particular function
3. Organ group of tissues that work together
4. Organ System group of organs that work together
5. Organism

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11 Organ Systems
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Feedback Control

• Feedback systems - control regulate body
  processes.
• Organ systems work together, use feedback to
  maintain homeostasis
• Homeostasis stable internal conditions
• Uses the consequences of the process (too much or
  too little produced) to control the rate at which
  the process occurs
• Consists of a sensor, a control center, and an
  effector

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Feedback Control ExampleBody Temperature
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Digestive System

• Structures mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach,
  small intestine, large intestine
• Accessory Structures salivary glands, pancreas,
  liver, gallbladder
• Functions
• Acquiring nutrients Breaks down large food
  molecules into simpler molecules that can be used
  by the cells of the body
• Absorbs nutrients and eliminates waste

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Pathway of Food

• Mouth
• Chewing mechanically (physically) breaks down
  food
• Salivary Glands
• Saliva contains enzymes that break down starch
  (carbohydrate)
• Pharynx
• Beginning of throat
• Connects mouth to esophagus

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• Esophagus
• Muscle contractions (peristalsis) push food down
  toward the stomach
• Stomach
• Churns food (mechanical digestion)
• Enzymes break down proteins
• Does NOT absorb any nutrients
• Secretes acid

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• Small Intestine
• Chemical digestion of carbs, proteins, and lipids
  finishes
• Carbs, proteins, and lipids are absorbed into the
  blood
• Liver, gallbladder, and pancreas secrete enzymes
  into it for chemical digestion
• Very long and lined with villi, wrinkles that
  increase surface area for more absorption

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Accessory Organs

• Food never enters these organs!
• Pancreas
• Secretes enzymes into small intestine to break
  down nutrients
• Liver
• Stores extra glucose as the polysaccharide
  glycogen
• Makes bile (which breaks down fats)
• Filters out toxins (alcohol, drugs, bacteria, old
  cells) from blood
• Gallbladder
• Stores bile made by the liver

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• Large Intestine (including rectum and anus)
• Absorbs water from waste and then eliminates
  waste as feces

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Close-up of the Digestive System
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Summary of Food Breakdown
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Respiratory System

• Structures nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea,
  bronchi, bronchioles, lungs
• Functions
• Gas exchange
• Provides oxygen needed for cellular respiration
• Removes excess carbon dioxide from the
  bloodstream

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Breathing

• Inhalation breathing in. Exhalation
  breathing out.
• Accomplished by expanding/contracting diaphragm
  muscle

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Gas Exchange in the Lungs

• Pathway of air nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea,
  bronchi (lungs), bronchioles (lungs).
• Tiny air sacs, alveoli, are at the end of each
  bronchiole, surrounded by blood capillaries.
• Alveoli site of gas exchange. Oxygen diffuses
  from alveoli to blood, carbon dioxide diffuses
  from blood to alveoli

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Circulatory System

• Structures heart, blood vessels, blood
• Functions
• Transport Brings oxygen, nutrients, and hormones
  to cells
• Helps fight infection
• Regulates body temperature

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Blood Contents

• Plasma fluid part of blood that carries
  nutrients, enzymes, hormones, and wastes
• Red blood cells contain the iron-based protein
  hemoglobin, which carries oxygen
• Made in bone marrow
• White blood cells attack foreign substances
• Platelets help blood clot

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Circulatory System Structures

• Heart - Made of muscle, pumps blood through body
  
• Arteries carry blood away from heart to
  capillaries
• Capillaries tiny vessels that allow diffusion
  of materials between blood and cells where
  arteries and veins meet
• Veins carry blood back to heart from capillaries

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Blood Flow

• De-oxygenated blood is pumped from the heart to
  the lungs where it picks up oxygen.
• Oxygenated blood flows back to the heart.
• Oxygenated blood pumped out to body cells to
  deliver oxygen and pick up carbon dioxide.
• De-oxygenated blood flows back to the heart and
  the cycle restarts.

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Nervous System

• Structures brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves
  (sensory and motor)
• Function
• Controls and coordinates functions throughout the
  body in response to internal and external stimuli
  

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• Neurons
• A message called an action potential is
  transmitted by nervous cells (neurons).
• Action potentials are electrical signals.
• Neurons have 3 parts
• Dendrites receive message (action potential)
• Cell body contains the nucleus and other normal
  organelles
• Axon sends action potential message to another
  cell

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• Synapse the space between the end of one neuron
  and the start of the next
• Neurons transmit messages by sending chemicals
  (neurotransmitters) across the synapse.

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Muscular System

• Structures Skeletal muscle, smooth muscle,
  cardiac muscle
• Functions
• Movement
• Works with skeletal system to produce voluntary
  movement
• Helps circulate blood and move food through the
  digestive system

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Three Types of Muscle

• Skeletal attached to bones by tendons voluntary
• Smooth controls digestion, breathing,
  circulation involuntary
• Cardiac heart muscle involuntary

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Voluntary Muscle Contractions

• Muscles cause movement by contracting (getting
  shorter) or relaxing (getting longer)
• Example When the bicep muscle (a flexor)
  contracts and the tricep muscle relaxes, the arm
  bends.
• When the tricep muscle (an extensor) contracts
  and the bicep muscle relaxes, the arm straightens.

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Skeletal System

• Internal body framework skeleton
• Structures bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendons
• Functions
• Supports the body
• Protects internal organs
• Enables movement
• Stores calcium
• Makes blood cells

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Bone Structure

• Bones cells and protein fibers supported by
  hard calcium

• Cavities within bones contain soft bone marrow,
  which produces blood cells.

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Joints

• Joints where bones are joined together
• Tendons connect muscle to bone
• Ligaments connect bone to bone
• Cartilage a protective cushion or covering

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Integumentary System

• Structures skin and its structures (hair, nails,
  sweat glands, oil glands)
• Functions
• Serves as a barrier against infection, injury,
  and UV radiation from the sun
• Helps to regulate body temperature (by sweating
  or expanding blood vessels)
• Removes waste (sweat)

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Close-up of Integumentary System
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Excretory System

• Structures kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder,
  urethra (other skin, lungs)
• Functions
• Eliminates waste, especially byproducts of
  metabolism
• Regulates (controls) the amount of water in
  blood, which determines blood volume and pH

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How do the kidneys work?

• Blood enters kidneys, full of excess water and
  nitrogenous wastes.
• Excess water wastes filtered out by the
  kidneys, collected as urine.
• Urine travels down the ureters, gets stored in
  the bladder, and is expelled from the body
  through the urethra.
• Remember liver also filtered blood, but it
  removed toxins, whereas the kidneys remove wastes
  water

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Lymphatic System

• Structures white blood cells, thymus, spleen,
  lymph nodes, lymph vessels
• Functions
• Helps protect the body from disease
• Maintains fluid balance in blood
• Spleen filters old blood cells from blood,
  stores extra blood

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Immune System Non-specific Defenses

• Function fights off invading pathogens and
  prevents growth and spread of cancer
• Non-specific Defenses protect body from all
  pathogens.
• Skin physical barrier
• Mucous membranes protect interior surfaces
• Cilia line bronchi to sweep mucus and
  pathogens out of lungs

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Immune System Specific Responses

• Specific Responses defend against one certain
  invader (pathogen)
• White blood cells recognize an invader
• Create antibodies, proteins which bind to
  pathogens mark them for destruction

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Endocrine System

• Structures ovaries (females), testes (males),
  pancreas, hypothalamus, glands (pituitary,
  pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, adrenal)
• Function
• Chemical communication control
• Hormones - chemicals that are released into the
  blood and signal cells to take action
• Actions include growth, development, metabolism,
  and reproduction

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Reproductive System

• Male Structures testes, epididymis, vas
  deferens, urethra, penis
• Female Structures ovaries, fallopian tubes,
  uterus, vagina
• Functions
• Produces reproductive cells
• Males produce and deliver gametes (sperm) to
  females
• Females produce gametes (eggs), maintain an
  environment which can support a developing embryo