Section 1: The Body

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Section 1 The Bodys Transport System

• What are the functions of the cardiovascular
  system?
• What is the function and structure of the heart?
• What path does blood take through the
  cardiovascular system?
• What are the functions and structures of
  arteries, capillaries, and veins?

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The Cardiovascular System

• The cardiovascular system has 3 main jobs.

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The Cardiovascular System

• 1 Delivering Needed Materials
• Transports oxygen, hormones, and glucose (food)
  to all of your cells.

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The Cardiovascular System

• 2 Removing Waste Products
• Transports toxins and other trash to the lungs
  and kidneys, where they are properly disposed.

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The Cardiovascular System

• 3 Helps Fight Disease
• Transports white blood cells to areas of the body
  that are sick or injured.

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The Heart

• The heart is a hollow, muscular organ that pumps
  blood throughout the body.

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The Heart

• The right side of the heart is completely
  separated from the left side by a wall of tissue
  called the septum.

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The Heart

• Each side has an upper chamber, or atrium, and a
  lower chamber, or ventricle.

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The Heart Valves

• As blood flows out of the heart and toward the
  lungs, it passes through a valve. Valves prevent
  blood from flowing backwards and re-entering the
  heart.

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Two Loop System

• Blood circulates through the body in two loops,
  with the heart at the center.

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Two Loop System

• In the first loop, blood travels from the heart
  to the lungs and then back to the heart.

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Two Loop System

• In the second loop, blood is pumped from the
  heart throughout the body and then returns to the
  heart.

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Blood Vessels

• The walls of arteries and veins have three
  layers.
• The walls of capillaries are only one cell thick.

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Artery and Vein
Artery

• The walls of an artery are very thick.
• They consist of 3 separate layers
• Layer of Epithelial Cells (smooth inner layer
  that allows blood to flow freely)
• Smooth Muscle (muscular middle layer that
  controls the amount of blood that flows to an
  area)
• Connective Tissue (strong outer layer that
  protects the artery from bursting from the blood
  pressure)

Vein
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Artery and Vein
Artery

• The walls of a vein are thinner than an artery.
• They also consist of the same 3 layers found in
  arteries, only thinner.
• Blood pressure in the veins is much lower
  (because theyre farther from the heart), so
  there are 3 methods that compensate for this
• Contracting skeletal muscles squeeze the veins.
• Valves (similar to the ones in your heart)
  prevent blood from flowing backwards.
• Breathing movements cause the veins in your chest
  to squeeze blood into the heart.

Vein
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Blood Pressure
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Blood Pressure

• Sphygmomanometers are used to measure blood
  pressure.
• A typical blood pressure is 120/80 or lower.

The first number represents the pressure in your
arteries when the hearts ventricles
contract. The second number represents the
pressure when your ventricles relax.
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Blood Pressure

• Like a garden hose, too much blood pressure in
  your arteries is a bad thing.

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End of Section The Bodys Transport System
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Section 2 Blood and Lymph

• What are the components of blood?
• What determines the type of blood that a person
  can receive in a transfusion?
• What are the structures and functions of the
  lymphatic system?

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Blood

• Blood consists of liquid plasma and three kinds
  of cellsred blood cells, white blood cells, and
  platelets.

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Plasma

• About 55 of your blood is made up of a yellowish
  watery liquid called plasma.
• Plasma is 90 water and 10 protein molecules.
• Plasma carry nutrients such as glucose, fats,
  vitamins, and minerals. Can also carry carbon
  dioxide (CO2).

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Red Blood Cells

• Red blood cells (also called RBCs) make up
  about 45 of your blood.
• RBCs are made up of a protein called hemoglobin.
  This protein is made up of iron, and it is what
  allows oxygen (O2) to stick to it.

Have no nuclei, therefore they can NOT perform
mitosis and make copies of themselves. RBCs can
only be made in red marrow found in bones. Only
live 120 days, so your body must make at least 2
million RBCs every second.
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White Blood Cells

• White blood cells (also called WBCs) fight off
  diseases such as bacteria and viruses. Some WBCs
  alert the body of the invasion, some make
  chemicals that kill the disease, and others
  simply surround and digest the disease.

WBCs are rare for every 1 WBC, there are
500-1,000 RBCs. WBCs make up less than 1 of your
blood. WBCs have nuclei, but they still do not
perform mitosis. Like RBCs, WBCs are made in red
bone marrow. WBCs can live for months, even
years.
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Platelets

• Platelets are made up of broken pieces of cells.
• Platelets make up less than 1 of your blood.
• They only live for 5-9 days.
• When you bleed, platelets release chemicals that
  form a protein called fibrin. Fibrin looks like
  tiny fibers, and these fibers form a net to stop
  the bleeding and form a scab.

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Blood Types

• The marker molecules on your red blood cells
  determine your blood type and the type of blood
  that you can safely receive in transfusions.

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Rh factor

• Besides the A and B marker proteins, there is
  another protein in blood called the Rh factor.
• 85 of people have this Rh factor protein (Rh ).
  If you have this protein, you can receive blood
  with the Rh protein (Rh ) or without it (Rh -).
• 15 of people do not have the Rh factor protein
  (Rh -). If you receive blood that is Rh , you
  can develop serious problems.

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Blood Type Distribution

• The circle graph shows the percentage of each
  blood type found in the U.S. population.

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Blood Types

• O-type universal DONOR
• AB-type universal RECEIVER

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The Lymphatic System

• The lymphatic system is a network of veinlike
  vessels that returns the fluid to the bloodstream.

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End of Section Blood and Lymph
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Section 3 The Respiratory System

• What are the functions of the respiratory system?
• What structures does air pass through as it
  travels to the lungs?
• What happens during gas exchange and breathing?

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Respiratory System Functions

• Oxygen from the air and glucose from digested
  food are both carried to the cells by the blood.
  During cellular respiration, oxygen reacts with
  glucose to release energy.

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The Path of Air

• As air travels from the outside environment to
  the lungs, it passes through the following
  structures nose, pharynx, trachea, and bronchi.

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Gas Exchange

• After air enters an alveolus, oxygen passes
  through the wall of the alveolus and then through
  the capillary wall into the blood. Carbon dioxide
  and water pass from the blood into the alveoli.

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How You Breathe

• When you breathe, the actions of your rib muscles
  and diaphragm expand or contract your chest. As a
  result, air flows in or out.

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Breathing and Speaking

• Two vocal cords, folds of connective tissue that
  produce your voice, stretch across the opening of
  the larynx. Air moving over the vocal cords
  causes them to vibrate and produce sound.

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End of Section Cardiovascular and Respiratory
Diseases
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Section 4 Cardiovascular and Respiratory
Diseases

• What are some diseases of the cardiovascular
  system?
• How may tobacco smoke affect the body?
• What are some respiratory diseases that result
  from infections or other physical conditions?

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Health Problems and Smoking

• Tobacco smoke damages the respiratory system and
  strains the circulatory system, resulting in such
  diseases as emphysema, cancer, and chronic
  bronchitis.

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Respiratory Diseases

• During an asthma attack, air passages narrow and
  breathing is more difficult.

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Sickle-Cell Disease

• A genetic disease of the hemoglobin that causes
  some blood cells to form a rigid, sickle shape.
• People with SCD have an average life expectancy
  of 45 years.

Since the RBCs are harder and have a curved
shape, it makes it difficult for oxygen to stick,
so people with SCD get tired easily.
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End of Section The Respiratory System