Chemistry of Life

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Chemistry of Life
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Inorganic molecules Are not made of both C AND H
Organic Molecules Contain C AND H may have
other elements - hydrocarbons organic molecules
that have ONLY C and H
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Compounds of the Cell
Lipids
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WATER

• Body is 65- 75 on average

Functions of water

• Cushion

• Solvent

• Transportation

• Medium

• Lubrication

• Moistens Surfaces

• Hydrolysis

• Temperature Regulation

• Sense Organs

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Minerals
Important minerals
Phosphorous Iodine
Iron Calcium Sodium Chlorine Potassium
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Minerals
Function - help maintain fluid balance -
act as a pH buffer - aid in structure of cells
(body) - allow nervous system to work
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The 4 major compounds in the cell are all types
of Macromolecules
Macro BIG
First we build a smallish organic molecule.
Then we link many of those together building a
chain
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Single units are called monomers Chain of
units is called polymer
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Single units are called monomers Chain of
units is called polymer
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Why can carbon make these long chains?
C
Since it has 4 valence electrons it can form 4
covalent bonds Can branch, form double bonds,
bond lots of atoms, form rings! Makes lots of
diverse molecules
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Other Biochem basics

• Since Biochemistry uses so many Cs and Hs, we
  can simplify our structures by hiding some of
  them

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Other Biochem basics

• There is a Carbon atom at each corner or point
• DONT FORGET ABOUT THIS!!

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Other Biochem basics

• It is also assumed that, if no atom is shown,
  Carbons remaining bonds are filled up with H

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Dehydration synthesis chemical reaction that
joins two or more monomers to form polymers plus
a water molecule (Building)
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Dehydration synthesis - Step 1 begin with at
least two unlinked monomers

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Dehydration synthesis - Step 2 Remove an H
from monomer 1 and an OH from monomer 2 - The H
and OH combine to form water
OH

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Dehydration synthesis - Step 3 connect what is
left of the monomers
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Dehydration synthesis Final products 1 Growing
chain - (beginnings of a polymer) 1 Water
molecule
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Hydrolysis Chemical reaction that uses water to
separate polymers into monomers. (Break apart)
- Exactly the opposite of Dehydration synthesis
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Hydrolysis - Step 1 Start with polymer and 1
water molecule
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Hydrolysis - Step 2 Break water into 1 H and 1
OH - Add the H to one monomer and the OH to the
other
OH
H
HO
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Hydrolysis - Step 3 Split the bond between
monomers
HO
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Hydrolysis - Step 3 Split the bond between
monomers
OH
HO
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Hydrolysis - Final Product Two unlinked
monomers
OH
HO
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CARBOHYDRATES (CHO)
The Sugars
Formulas
Straight Chain
Structural
Molecular
C6H12O6
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CARBOHYDRATES
Monomer of carbs monosaccharide - means one
sweet unit - these are the simple sugars -
made of C, H and O in a 121 ratio
Fruits and Honey
RNA
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CARBOHYDRATES
Monomer of carbs monosaccharide - Glucose,
galactose, fructose 6 C - Ribose is a FIVE
carbon sugar
Galactose
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CARBOHYDRATES
Disaccharides double sugars - two
monosaccharides linked together
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Polysaccharides 3 or more monosaccharides linked
together
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CARBOHYDRATES
Examples of Polysaccharides we eat Starch
Amylose Fiber Cellulose We MAKE the
polysaccharide glycogen (all animals do this!)
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CARBOHYDRATES
Function of Carbs

• Simple FAST Energy for the cell
• monosaccharides instant energy
• polysaccharides short term storage of energy
  - Plants use starch - Animals use glycogen

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CARBOHYDRATES
Function of Carbs
2. Are used for building structures Plants
cellulose is used for cell wall Animals chitin
is used for exoskeleton Chitin and cellulose are
structural polysaccharides
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Lipids - Fats
Have NO true monomer cant make long chains
Lipid molecules in foods are Triglycerides
and are made of 1 glycerol molecule 3
Fatty Acids
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Lipids
Structure of Triglyceride - 1 glycerol 3 FAs
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Lipids
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Lipids
Structure of Lipids - 1 glycerol 3 FAs ?
Triglyceride
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Lipids
Building or breaking apart a lipid uses same
reactions as carbs Dehydration synthesis is
used to connect each fatty acid (three total) to
the glycerol - three water molecule are
made Hydrolysis is used to break each fatty acid
off of the glycerol - three water molecules are
used
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Different types of fatty acids

• See your Lipids reading/questions for info on
  these. You are responsible for structural
  differences between each of the following and the
  effect of those differences
• Saturated
• Unsaturated (polyunsaturated)
• Hydrogenated
• Trans

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Lipids

• Examples fats, oils, waxes, steroids (including
  cholesterol)

• Do not dissolve in water
• Water is polar
• Like dissolves like
• Fats are non-polar

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Lipids

• Functions of lipids
• Reserve, long term energy storage
• Structure plasma membrane of all cells and parts
  within cells are made of phospholipids
• Insulation
• Produce reproductive hormones

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Dieting
Are fats and carbs really evil??
Why has society become anti-carb?
Is Atkins or the South Beach diet really good for
you??
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Proteins

• We eat carbohydrates for energy
• We store carbohydrates (ST or LT) as glycogen
  (ST) or lipid (LT)
• Proteins are what our body manufactures by
  breaking down other proteins to amino acids and
  then putting together the amino acids in
  different ways to make human proteins.

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Proteins
Monomer Amino acid
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Proteins
There are 20 different amino acids - all have
same amino end, carboxyl end and central carbon
- EACH has a different R group Amino acids are
made of C, H, O, N, and S (in R group of some)
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Amino acids are linked together to form
polypeptides Uses the Same chemical reactions

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Amino acids are linked together to form
polypeptides Step 1 remove H and OH
O
O
H
H
H
H
C
OH
C

N
C
C
N
H
R
R
OH
H
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Amino acids are linked together to form
polypeptides Step 2 Link rest of monomers
together
OH
H
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Amino acids are linked together to form
polypeptides Product growing chain 1 water
molecule
OH
H

New bond Called peptide bond
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Amino acids are linked together to form
polypeptides To become a protein a polypeptide
must be folded into a unique 3D shape Only
proteins have a job. Polypeptides dont
work until folded
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• Examples of proteins and their function
• Muscle movement
• Cartilage builds part of our body structural
  protein
• Hormones chemical messengers
• Enzymes speed up chemical reactions needed for
  ALL reactions
• Antibodies fight disease

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Nucleic Acids

• Monomer of nucleic acid nucleotide
• Nucleotides have three parts
• Sugar ribose or deoxyribose
• Phosphate group PO3
• Nitrogen Base one of 5 different kinds

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Structure of Nucleic Acids
Elements of NA C,H,O,N and P
Base
P
o
CH2
H
H
P
Phosphate H2PO3
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Nucleic Acids
Function of nucleic acids - info molecules
- hold the information on how to make all
proteins - Essentially tell your body how to do
everything
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Nucleic Acids

• Only two kinds
• DNA Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid - hard driveof
  the cell - holds the directions to make
  proteins - MASTER copy of all the information

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Nucleic Acids

• Only two kinds
• RNA Ribose Nucleic Acid - transfers info from
  DNA to ribosomes (protein factories)- temporary
  copy of one recipe at a time
• - CD/flash drive of the cell

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Differences between RNA and DNA

• RNA
• Single stranded Helix
• Ribose is the sugar in all RNA nucleotides
• Choice of nitrogen bases Adenine, Uracil,
  Guanine, Cytosine

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Differences between RNA and DNA

• DNA
• Double stranded Helix
• Deoxyribose is the sugar in all DNA nucleotides
• Choice of nitrogen bases Adenine, Thymine,
  Guanine, Cytosine

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Structure of Nucleic Acids - Build/broken down
using same reactions!!
Base
P
o
CH2
H
H
P
Phosphate H2PO3
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Base
o
CH2
P
H
H
H
OH
P
H2PO3
HPO3-
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Base
o
CH2
P
H
H
H
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Chain forms by connecting the sugar of one NT to
the Phosphate of the next Forms Phosphate-sugar
backbone