LANDFORMS AND OCEANS

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LANDFORMS AND OCEANS

• Science Standard 5-3
• The student will demonstrate an understanding of
  features, processes, and changes in Earth's land
  and oceans.

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5-3.1 Explain how natural processes (including
weathering, erosion, deposition, landslides,
volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, and floods)
affect Earth's oceans and land in constructive
and destructive ways.
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What are constructive forces?
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Constructive forces are processes that create or
build up landforms.
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What are destructive forces?
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Destructive forces are processes that destroy or
wear down landforms.
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What are some examples of landforms?
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canyons
pinker.wjh.harvard.edu/.../Grand20Canyon.htm
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rock cliffs
gsbwww.uchicago.edu/.../porcupines.html
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beaches
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mountains
media.vacationeasttennessee.org/pfoutdoorattr...
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What are natural processes? How do they affect
land and oceans?
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weathering
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Constructive? or Destructive?
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Weathering

• This is a destructive force and can be chemical
  or physical. It causes the surface of the earth
  to dissolve, decompose, and break into smaller
  pieces.

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Water is an important cause of weathering. Plants
cause weathering when roots break apart. Changes
in temperature can break rock, as well as ice
forming inside of cracks in the rock causing it
to break even more. Anything that causes rocks to
wear down is a cause of weathering.
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erosion
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Constructive? or Destructive?
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Erosion

• This is a destructive force. It is the movement
  of sediments and soil by wind, water, and gravity.

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Erosion Song

• Tune "Jingle Bells" 
• Running down a hill
  Wind blowing
  in a gale,
• Or coming down as snow,
  Or gentle as a
  breeze,
• Water causes much
  Wears the
  rock away
• Erosion, this we know.
  And carries
  sand with ease.
• Wave action moves the beach.
  A hurricane last
  year,
• A river carves the land.
  And
  glaciers long ago,
• Everywhere that water goes,
  Are ways that
  natural forces use
• It carries dirt or sand.
  To
  change the Earth we know.
•   
  
• Chorus
  
  (repeat chorus)
• Oh, wind and rain, snow and ice,
• Water running free
• These all cause land to erode
• With changes we can see.
• Wind and rain, snow and ice,
• Water running free
• These all cause land to erode
• With changes we can see.

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landslide
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Constructive? or Destructive?
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Landslide

• This is a destructive force. This is a mass
  movement of land due to gravity.

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Landslides even occur on the continental slope in
the ocean!
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Landslide

• Landslides can cause buildings to fall, or power
  and gas lines to break.

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deposition
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Constructive? or Destructive?
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Deposition

• This is a constructive force. It builds up new
  land by dropping or depositing sediments via
  water, wind, or ice.

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Deposition created the Mississippi River Delta
near the New Orleans area. Deposition causes the
sand to pile up and create sand dunes on our
beaches. Shells on our beaches are deposition by
ocean waves.
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Weathering Erosion
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volcanic eruption
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Constructive? or Destructive?
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Volcanic Eruption

• This is a constructive force. During an eruption,
  melted rock rises from deep within the earth and
  reaches the surface. They can also occur under
  the oceans.

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Volcanoes can change Earths surfaces. When the
magma erupts from the volcano the top of the
mountain can be changed, either built up or blown
off. The lava and ash can destroy forests and
bury fields. Volcanic eruptions can even change
Earths weather patterns.
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Volcanic Eruption

• Seamounts are volcanoes that are built up under
  the ocean. If the seamount rises above the ocean
  surface it is called a volcanic island (like
  Hawaii and Japan!)

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Volcanic Eruptions
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earthquake
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Constructive? or Destructive?
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Earthquake

• This is a destructive force. Earthquakes are
  vibrations on Earths surface caused by sudden
  movement in the Earth, often along a fault, a
  break in Earths surface.

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Some earthquakes cause little damage and some
cause a lot of damage. Large earthquakes can
cause landslides.
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Earthquake

• Earthquakes under the ocean can cause huge waves
  (tsunamis) that can destroy land and cause great
  damage if they come ashore.

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Volcanoes And Earthquakes
This map shows how volcanoes and earthquakes
occur along tectonic plate boundaries. http//www.
pbs.org/wgbh/nova/teachers/activities/2515_vesuviu
s.html
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flood
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Constructive? or Destructive?
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Flood

• This is a destructive force. Floods occur when a
  large amount of water covers land that is
  normally dry.

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When the flood occurs, rapid erosion can take
place and move soil and sediments away. When the
flood recedes, new sediment is left behind and
can build up rich soil deposits.
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5-3.2 Illustrate the geologic landforms
of the ocean floor continental shelf
continental slope mid-ocean ridge
rift zone trench ocean basin
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continental shelf
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The edges of the continents slope down from the
shore into the ocean. The part of the continent
located under the water is known as the
continental shelf. The width of the continental
shelf varies around the edges of the
continents. In some places the continental shelf
is fairly shallow and in some places it becomes
very deep, but it is not the deepest part of the
ocean.
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continental slope
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The steep slope where the continental shelf drops
to the bottom of the ocean floor is called the
continental slope. The depth of the ocean water
increases greatly here.
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Continental shelf, slope, rise
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mid-ocean ridge
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On the bottom of the ocean, there is a central
ridge, or mountain range, that divides the ocean
floor into two parts. These underwater volcanic
mountains are known as the mid-ocean
ridge. Volcanic mountains not formed on the
mid-ocean ridge are called seamounts.
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rift zone
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In the center of the highest part of the
mid-ocean ridge is a narrow trench called a
rift. Underwater volcanic activity that adds
mountains to either side of the mid-ocean ridge
occurs at the rift zone.
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trench
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There are many steep-sided canyons and deep,
narrow valleys in the bottom of the ocean. Ocean
trenches are the deepest part of the ocean basin
and are deeper than any valley found on dry land.
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ocean basin
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Located on either side of the mid-ocean ridge is
the ocean basin. It is made up of low hills and
flat plains. The flat area of the ocean basin is
called the abyssal plain. Seamounts are generally
formed on the ocean basin.
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seamounts
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Seamounts
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volcanic islands
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Abyssal Plains
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http//www.mos.org/oceans/planet/features.html
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5-3.3 Compare continental and oceanic
landforms.
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Earth is made of solid land. Some of the land is
located above Earths water and some is located
below the oceans.
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Explain how landforms above the oceans are
similar to those found below the oceans.
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Continental Landform Oceanic Landform
Canyon Trench
Valley Rift
Volcano Seamount
Mountain range Mid-ocean ridge
Low hills or plains Ocean basin and plains
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Valleys
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Mountains
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5-3.4 Explain how waves, currents, tides, and
storms affect the geologic features of the ocean
shore zone (including beaches, barrier islands,
estuaries, and inlets).
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Beaches
http//www.virtualtourist.com/travel/North_America
/United_States_of_America/South_Carolina/Charlesto
n-864816/Things_To_Do-Charleston-Beaches-BR-1.html
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The ocean shore zone, or coast, is the area where
the land meets the ocean. Some shorelines are
rocky. Shorelines made of sand are called
beaches. Shorelines are always changing because
of wind and water.
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Waves can wear away the land and expose a rocky
shore or the waves can deposit sand along the
shore and form a beach. If the waves reach the
beach at an angle, the sand is moved along the
coast.
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CURRENTS Flowing streams of water that move
continually through the ocean in a specific
direction are called currents. Some currents
flow at the oceans surface and some are found
deeper in the ocean.
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Currents, called longshore currents, along the
shoreline can move sand from one location to
another.
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Surface currents are caused by the movement of
Earth and by the force and direction of wind.
The movement of Earth and winds cause these
currents to flow along curved paths.

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Warm water and cold water are moved to different
regions on Earth as a result of currents. Warm
surface currents are driven by Earths rotation
from the tropics to higher latitudes. Cold
surface currents are driven by Earths rotation
from the polar latitudes toward the equator.
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Currents
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Tides can bring in sand, shells, and ocean
sediments at high tide and leave them behind when
the tide goes out (low tide.)
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Tides
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• Storms can cause wave action that removes sand
  from beaches (like in hurricanes!)

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Barrier Islands
www.dnr.sc.gov/.../river/stewardship_gallery.htm
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Islands are pieces of land surrounded by water on
all sides. Islands with sandy beaches are called
barrier islands.
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These barrier islands are naturally occurring and
function to protect the mainland from the effects
of waves on its shore. As the waves deposit sand
on the beaches, the shapes of the barrier islands
change.
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Currents can move the sand from one end of the
island to the other.
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Estuaries
serc.carleton.edu/.../northinlet/index.html
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All rivers eventually flow into the oceans. The
area where a river meets the ocean is known as an
estuary. Estuaries have a mixture of freshwater
and saltwater.
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Waves can deposit sand in the estuaries. At high
tide ocean water brings in sediments and sea life
that feed and nourish life in the estuary.
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Edisto River flows into the Atlantic Ocean
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Inlets are the water-filled spaces between the
barrier islands.
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As the tides change, the amount of water in the
inlet will change.
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Ocean currents and storms can change the shape of
an inlet opening.
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How many of you have been to Murrells Inlet or
Little River?
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Large storms, for example hurricanes, can also
cause massive destruction to the shape of the
beaches, barrier islands, estuaries, and inlets
because they produce high waves and heavy winds.
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5-3.5 Compare the movement of water by waves,
currents, and tides.
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EXPLAIN THE THREE WAYS WATER CAN MOVE ON EARTH.
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1. WAVES
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WAVES

• The repeated movement of water is known as a
  wave. All waves have the same parts. The highest
  part is known as the crest and the lowest part is
  known as the trough. Most ocean waves are caused
  by winds that are blown across the surface of the
  water. A wave changes shape when it reaches the
  shore.

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2. CURRENTS
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CURRENTS

• Flowing streams of water that move continually
  through the ocean in a specific direction are
  called currents. Some currents flow at the
  oceans surface and some are found deeper in the
  ocean. Surface currents are caused by the
  movement of Earth and by the force and direction
  of wind. The movement of Earth and winds causes
  these currents to flow along curved paths. Warm
  water and cold water are moved to different
  regions on Earth as a result of currents. Warm
  surface currents are driven by Earths rotation
  from the tropics to higher latitudes. Cold
  surface currents are driven by Earths rotation
  from the polar latitudes toward the equator.

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3. TIDES
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TIDES

• Several times during the day, the level of water
  at the ocean shore changes. This regular rise and
  fall of waters in oceans and seas is called a
  tide. Tides are caused by the pull of the Moons
  gravity on Earth. As the Moon moves in relation
  to Earth, the water on Earth moves too. As Earth
  spins on its axis, the part of the ocean facing
  the moon will bulge. High tide occurs when the
  water level is at its highest point. Low tide
  occurs when the water level is at it lowest
  point. Tides rise and fall about twice a day.

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• Now for a STUDY JAM on Tides!
• http//studyjams.scholastic.com/studyjams/jams/sci
  ence/weather-and-climate/waves-and-currents.htm

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5-3.6 Explain how human activity (including
conservation efforts and pollution) has affected
the land and the oceans of Earth.
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Our Effects on the Ocean
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Key Words

• Resource A supply that meets a need for
  materials or energy.
• Resources may include air, water, trees, rocks
  and minerals, soil, or coal and oil.
• Conserve To use wisely.

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Having a Positive Impact

• We can
• 1. Conserve resources
• The wise use of natural resources is called
  conservation.

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• Human activities that help to keep the natural
  resources of Earth available and clear of
  pollution are conservation efforts.
• Some efforts involve everyone trying to reduce
  (use less of something), reuse (use something
  over again), and recycle (make something new from
  an old product).

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• Other efforts involve trying to save the land and
  oceans through clean-up projects, installing
  fence lines to prevent dune erosion or jetties
  along the entrance to harbors or groins along
  beaches in an effort to keep sand from washing
  away.

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The idea behind building groins on beaches is to
prevent beach erosion. As this photo
illustrates, they work about half-right. The
beach is built up on one side of the groin but is
severely eroded on the other side. Beaches and
"permanent" barriers don't mix!
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• Beach re-nourishment projects help to restore
  sand on beaches.
• Planting trees, bushes, or grass is a way to
  improve air quality as well as keep erosion from
  carrying away soil.

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POLLUTION

• Pollution is anything that harms the natural
  environment.
• When the taking or using of natural resources
  causes harm to Earths air, water including
  oceans, or land, then the human activity has
  caused pollution.

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• Oceans are rich in food, minerals, and other
  resources and can be easily polluted.
• Human activities can also harm the land and
  oceans causing resources to be polluted or
  destroyed.

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• Sometimes people may allow materials to be dumped
  into rivers not thinking that rivers flow into
  the estuaries and ocean where they are harmful to
  life there.

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• Careless dumping of trash on land or in oceans
  pollutes those areas.
• Smoke and fumes from burning fuels pollutes the
  air.
• Oil spills harm the oceans and can cause life
  there to be killed.

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• Careless human activities in agriculture,
  industry, construction, or mining can cause
  pollution on the land, in the water, and in the
  air.
• Lets take a look at what Im talking about.

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Mining

• The process of removing a resource from the
  ground.
• We mine coal (a fossil fuel) and iron (used in
  steel).
• Mining can be harmful by changing habitats,
  causing pollution, increasing erosion when plants
  and topsoil are stripped from an area.

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Entrance to a Mine
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Drilling

• We drill for oil and other fossil fuels.
• Drilling can be harmful because it changes
  landforms and pollutes water resources and soils.

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Oil Spill

• Can kill living things in ocean ecosystems.
• Very difficult to clean up.
• Can damage large areas for long periods.

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Limit the Damage to Earths Oceans

• Reduce your use of resources
• Reuse materials
• Recycle

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Resources
Magic School Bus Blows Its Top, The. Scholastic.
1995.unitedstreaming. 13 September
2006lthttp//www.unitedstreaming.com/gt (2356)
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