Landforms,%20Water,%20and%20Natural%20Resources

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Landforms, Water, and Natural Resources

• Preview
• Section 1 Landforms
• Section 2 The Hydrosphere
• Section 3 Natural Resources
• Chapter Wrap-Up

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Section 1 Landforms

• Read to Discover
• What physical processes inside Earth built up the
  land?
• What physical processes on Earths surface wear
  down the land?
• How do these physical processes interact to
  create landforms?

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Section 1 Landforms
Plate Tectonics

• Earths crust is made up of moving plates, which
  spread, collide, and slide laterally past one
  another.

• Spreading plates form oceanic ridges undersea and
  rift valleys on land.
• Colliding plates cause trenches and volcanoes
  undersea and mountains on land.
• Plates sliding laterally cause fractures and
  earthquakes.

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Section 1 Landforms
Question By which processes do weathering and
erosion wear down the land?
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Section 1 Landforms
Forces on Earths Surface

• Weathering and erosion shape the land.

• WeatheringSlow and hard to detect includes
  chemical and physical processes
• ErosionMovement of surface material by water,
  wind, and ice wears down land

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Section 1 Landforms
Weathering and Erosion
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Section 1 Landforms
Tectonics and Surface Forces Interact

• Landforms are created through a combination of
  forces.
• For example, a mountain range is formed by
  tectonics and then weathered and eroded to create
  valleys, alluvial fans, deltas, and other
  landforms.

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Section 2 The Hydrosphere

• Read to Discover
• In what forms and where do we find water on
  Earth?
• What are the causes and effects of floods?

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Section 2 The Hydrosphere

• Forms of Water
• Saltwater97 percent of worlds water
• Freshwatermost frozen in ice caps less than 1
  percent in vapor and liquid form
• Where Liquid Freshwater Is Found
• Surface Waterin headwaters, tributaries, rivers,
  lakes, estuaries, wetlands
• Groundwaterstored in soil and water table

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Section 2 The Hydrosphere
Question What roles do evaporation,
condensation, and precipitation play in the
hydrologic cycle?
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Section 2 The Hydrosphere
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Section 2 The Hydrosphere
Floods

• CausesRivers carrying more water than the stream
  channels can hold heavy rains, sudden snow
  melts human activity may contribute
• EffectsErosion, loss of vegetation and
  livestock, death, spread of disease, and property
  destruction

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Section 3 Natural Resources

• Read to Discover
• Why are soil and forests important resources?
• What are the concerns about water quality and air
  quality?
• What are some of the ways minerals are used?
• What are the main energy resources, and how are
  they used?

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Section 3 Natural Resources
Importance of Soil and Forests

• Soil and forests are renewable resources. Natural
  processes continuously replace them.
• Soil is crucial for plant life and production of
  food for humans and for other animals.
• Forests protect soil from erosion, provide
  species habitats, and yield useful products, such
  as wood, paper, food, medicines, oils, and rubber.

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Section 3 Natural Resources
Air and Water Quality

• Air PollutionThreatens air supply dangerous to
  health of humans, animals, and plants creates
  acid rain, which can damage trees and kill fish
  damages the ozone layer, which absorbs harmful
  ultraviolet radiation may contribute to global
  warming
• Water PollutionThreatens clean water supply
  contributes to shortages

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Section 3 Natural Resources
AIR POLLUTION
EffectsAcid rain, whichcan damage trees and
kill fishozone layer damage threat to human
health may contribute to global warming
CausesFactories and automobiles burn chemicals,
releasing smoke and fumes into the atmosphere.
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Section 3 Natural Resources
Minerals

• Minerals are solid substances that come out of
  the ground, such as metals, rocks, and salt.
• Minerals are used in many processes and products,
  including construction, jewelry, and
  manufacturing.
• Items made from minerals include building
  materials, airplanes, cans, and glass.
• Examples Quartz, limestone, aluminum, gold,
  gemstones

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Section 3 Natural Resources

• Energy resources are nonrenewable and include
  fossil fuelscoal, natural gas, and petroleumand
  uranium.
• Uses
• UraniumEnergy for nuclear power
• CoalHeat source power for steam engines, mills,
  electricity generation dye making
• PetroleumLamp fuel gasoline diesel and heating
  fuel asphalt petrochemicals
• Natural GasHome and industrial heating fuel

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Chapter Wrap-Up Understanding the Main Ideas

1. What are the three types of movements possible at
   plate boundaries?
2. What are the two physical processes that wear
   down landforms on Earths surface?
3. What process makes some inland lakes salty?
4. What are two short-term effects of air pollution?
5. What is a major drawback of using coal as an
   energy source?