Arc Hydro Groundwater Data Model

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Arc Hydro Groundwater Data Model

• Gil Strassberg, David Maidment
• University of Texas at Austin
• Norman Jones, Brigham Young University

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Outline

• Background objectives, previous design
• New design and books, Framework
• Groundwater components
• Examples

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What is a hydrologic data model?
Booch et al. defined a model a simplification
of reality created to better understand the
system being created
Objects
Aquifer
stream
Well
Volume
R.M. Hirsch, USGS
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Developing a groundwater data model
Take a variety of spatial information and
integrate into one geospatial database with a
common terminology

• Better communication
• Integration of data
• Base for applications

Geologic maps
Time series observations
Borehole data
Groundwater data model (geospatial database)
Hydrostratigraphy
Geospatial vector layers
Numerical models
Gridded data
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Goals of the Arc Hydro groundwater data model
Objective

• Develop a geographic data model for representing
  groundwater systems.

Data model goals

1. Support representation of regional groundwater
   systems.
2. Support the representation of site scale
   groundwater data.
3. Enable the integration of surface water and
   groundwater data.
4. Facilitate the Integration of groundwater
   simulation models with GIS.

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Regional groundwater systems

• Describe groundwater systems from recharge to
  discharge
• In many cases assumed as 2D systems, vertical
  scale gtgt horizontal scale

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Site scale data

• Describe groundwater data in a small area of
  interest.
• Usually includes 3D data (e.g. multilevel
  samplers, cores).

Multilevel samplers in the MADE site in
Mississippi
Photographs provided by Chunmiao Zheng
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Integration of surface water and groundwater data

• Describe the relationship between surface water
  features ( e.g. streams and waterbodies) with
  groundwater features (aquifers, wells).
• Enable the connection with the surface water data
  model

Hydro network
Aquifers
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Integration of groundwater simulation models with
GIS

• Define data structures for representing
  groundwater simulation models within GIS.
• Support spatial and temporal referencing of model
  data allows the display and analysis of model
  data within a real geospatial and temporal
  context.
• Focus on modflow as the standard model used in
  the groundwater community

Non spatial representation (layer, row, column)
Geospatial representation (x, y, and z
coordinates)
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Old design
One big geodatabase with 3 conceptual
components Hydrogeology, Simulation, Temporal
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Outline

• Background objectives, previous design
• New design and books, Framework
• Groundwater components
• Examples

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New Design

• Better integrate surface water and groundwater
• Easier implementation

• Solution
• One framework including basic surface water and
  groundwater features
• Componentize the data model smaller thematic
  pieces

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Components
Components can be added to the framework to
represent specific themes in more detail
Surface water components
Groundwater components
Network
Wells and boreholes
Framework
Drainage
Hydrostratigraphy
Hydrography
Geology
Chanel
Simulation
Temporal (enhanced)
Temporal component
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Two books
Surface water Groundwater
Introduction Introduction
Framework Framework
Space and Time (technical) 3D ArcGIS (technical)
Hydro networks Geology
Watersheds Wells and Boreholes
River channels Hydrostratigraphy
Temporal Temporal
Simulation Simulation
Implementation Implementation
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Framework
Groundwater features
Surface water features
Time Series
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Framework
Watershed
Waterbody
HydroPoint
Stream
Aquifer
Well
MonitoringPoint
Time Series
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Surface water and groundwater

• In many cases data are collected and stored
  separately
• Store, visualize, and analyze data in the same
  context

Well in the Edwards Aquifer (state well 6823302)
Streamflow Gage at Comal Springs, New Braunfels
Texas
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Aquifer features

• Polygon features for representing aquifer
  boundaries and zones within them

Map of major aquifers in Texas
Edwards Aquifer
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Aquifer features

• An aquifer is defined by one or a set of polygon
  features
• Aquifer features can be grouped by a
  hydrogeologic unit id (HGUID)
• FType for defining types of aquifer features

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Well features
Well 1729 State well number 6829103
Types of wells

• Wells represented as 2D point features
• Can be related with a certain Aquifer
• FType for defining types of wells

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Hydro Features

• HydroID Unique ID within the geodatabase
  (internal relationships) Every feature in Arc
  Hydro is assigned a unique HydroID
• HydroCode Public identifier (external
  relationships)

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HydroCode links to external applications

• Web interface for groundwater data in Texas
• Texas Water Information Integration
  Dissemination (WIID)

The state well number becomes the HydroCode of
the Well feature in Arc Hydro
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Aquifer and well
Well 1729 State well number 6829103
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Wells and TimeSeries
Well features are related with time series (water
levels, water quality)
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Surface water features

• Watershed Polygon features for representing a
  drainage area
• Stream Line features representing the path of
  flow as linear hydrographic features (blue lines
  on a map)
• Waterbody Polygon features representing water
  bodies
• HydroPoint Point features for representing any
  point hydrographic feature (diversion, spring,
  dam, etc.)

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MonitoringPoint has time series
Monitoring points are related with time series
(streamflow, water quality, precipitation)
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Surface water groundwater linkage

• AquiferID is added to the surface water features
• Surface water and groundwater features can be
  linked through the AquiferID and HydroID
  attributes
• Work in progress still trying to figure out
  exactly which relationships are needed

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Surface water groundwater linkage

• Relationships between surface water and aquifer
  enable analysis based on spatial and hydrologic
  relationships

Stream reaches overlying an aquifer outcrop
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Outline

• Background objectives, previous design
• New design and books, Framework
• Groundwater components
• Examples

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Components

• Geology - mostly representation of data from
  geologic maps
• Wells and Boreholes Description of well
  attributes and vertical data along wells
• Hydrostratigraphy 2D and 3D description of
  hydrostratigraphy
• Temporal - Representing time series data
• Simulation Representation of groundwater
  simulation models

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Geology
Features for representing data from geologic maps
Faults
Caves
Data from USGS report http//pubs.usgs.gov/sim/20
05/2873/
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Components

• Geology - mostly representation of data from
  geologic maps
• Wells and Boreholes Description of well
  attributes and vertical data along wells
• Hydrostratigraphy 2D and 3D description of
  hydrostratigraphy
• Temporal - Representing time series data
• Simulation representation of groundwater
  simulation models

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Well

• Wells are the most basic features in groundwater
  databases
• Attributes of wells describe its location, depth,
  water use, owner, etc.
• In many cases these data are collected from
  driller reports

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Well

• The Well location is defined as a 2D point in the
  Well feature class
• In the Arc Hydro model we only predefine a set of
  basic attributes

Wells in the Edwards Aquifer
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Wells and 3D data

• 3D data is referenced along the well
• From depth (top) To depth (bottom)

From
To
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Wells and Boreholes

• Vertical data (stratigraphy, casing) are related
  with wells
• 3D information is stored as tabular data in the
  VerticalMeasurements table
• Can create 3D features (points, lines) for
  visualization

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Creating 3D displays

• We can create 3D displays of wells with the
  elevation and depth attributes of the well feature

Land surface
Extruded well features
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3D features (BorePoints and BoreLines)

• Data on 3D intervals/points along the well

Wells with hydrostratigraphic information
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3D features (BorePoints and BoreLines)

• Original data is in text format
• Each data represents the top of a formation at
  one well

Data from USGS report http//pubs.usgs.gov/sir/20
04/5226/
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3D features (BorePoints and BoreLines)

• Data on 3D intervals/points along the well are
  stored in tabular format

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3D features (BorePoints and BoreLines)

• Combining the well geometry (x, y) and the
  vertical measurements we can describe a set of 3D
  geometries (x, y, z)

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3D features (BorePoints and BoreLines)

• BorePoints representing geologic contacts along
  wells
• Each point represents the top of a hydrogeologic
  formation

Well
Land surface
BorePoint
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3D features (BorePoints and BoreLines)

• BoreLines representing intervals along wells
• Each line represents a hydrogeologic unit (top
  and bottom)

BorePoints and BoreLines can also be used to
represent other features along wells
(construction, sampling ports, screens)
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Components

• Geology - mostly representation of data from
  geologic maps
• Wells and Boreholes Description of well
  attributes and vertical data along wells
• Hydrostratigraphy 2D and 3D description of
  hydrostratigraphy
• Temporal - Representing time series data
• Simulation representation of groundwater
  simulation models

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Geology to hydrogeology

• Stratigraphic units are usually grouped into
  hydrogeologic units
• An aquifer can have a number of hydrogeologic
  units
• Definition may change based on scale (local vs.
  regional) and purpose

Stratigraphic units
Hydrogeologic units
Upper confining unit
Georgetown Fm.
Georgetown Fm. (GTOWN)
Cyclic Marine member (CYMRN)
Pearson Fm.
Leached collapsed member (LCCLP)
Edwards Aquifer
Regional dense member (RGDNS)
Grainstone member (GRNSTN)
Kirschberg evaporite member (KSCH)
Kainer Fm.
Dolomitic member (DOLO)
Basal Nodular member (BSNOD)
Upper Glen Rose (UGLRS)
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Products and workflow
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Hydrostratigraphy
HydroGeologicUnit table provides a conceptual
description of hydrogeologic units
Spatial features
Relates with spatial features representing
instances of the HGU
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HGUArea

• 2D polygons defining boundaries of hydrogeologic
  units

BorePoints representing top of hydrogeologic units
Kainer boundary
Georgetown boundary
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GeoSection

• 3D polygons representing cross sections
• SectionLine defines the 2D cross section line

Section line connecting a sequence of wells
Section A-A (HydroID 4666)
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GeoSection

• Each polygon is part of a section group defined
  by the SectionID
• The SectionID of the polygon relates back to the
  section line

Section A-A (HydroID 4666)
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GeoRasters

• Raster catalog for storing and indexing raster
  datasets
• Can store top and bottom of formations
• Each raster is related with a HGU in the
  hydrogeologic unit table

Georgetown
Person
Kainer
Glen Rose
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GeoRasters

• GeoRasters also store hydraulic properties such
  as transmissivity, conductivity, and specific
  yield

Raster of hydraulic conductivity in the Edwards
Aquifer
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GeoVolume

• Objects for representing 3D volumes
• Geometry is multipatch

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GeoVolume

• Can create the volumes as a set of 3D triangles
• Not real volume cant do any 3D operations
• Volumes in this example were generated in GMS and
  imported to the geodatabase

Volumes in GMS
GeoVolumes in the geodatabase
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Derived GeoSections

• GeoSections can also be created by cutting
  through GeoVolumes

C-C
D-D
E-E
E-E
D-D
C-C
GeoSections
Section lines on a 2D view of GeoVolumes
Derived 3D GeoSections
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Components

• Geology - mostly representation of geologic data
  from geologic maps
• Wells and Boreholes Description of well
  attributes and vertical data along wells
• Hydrostratigraphy 2D and 3D description of
  hydrostratigraphy
• Temporal - Representing time series data
• Simulation representation of groundwater
  simulation models

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Types of time varying datasets

• Single variable time series A single variable
  recorded at a location, such as stream discharge
  or groundwater levels
• Multi variable time series Multiple variables
  recorded simultaneously at the same location,
  such as chemical analysis of a water sample
• Time varying surfaces (raster series) Raster
  datasets indexed by time. Each rater is a
  snapshot of the environment at a certain time.
• Time varying features (feature series) A
  collection of features indexed by time. Each
  feature in a feature series represents a variable
  at a single time period.

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TimeSeries and TSType

• Each measurement is indexed by space, time, and
  type
• Space FeatureID
• Time TSDateTime
• Type TSTypeID

TSType provides information on the time series
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Getting data views

• We can slice through the data cube to get
  specific views of the data

Where and What?
What?
Where?
Query by location (FeatureID 2791)
Query by type (TSTypeID 2)
Query by location and type (FeatureID 2791
TSTypeID 2)
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Data views
Get all the data of TSType 2 measured at Feature
2791
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Data views

• FeatureID of the time series HydroID of the
  spatial feature (e.g. Well)
• TSTypeID relates to the TSType table

Well HydroID 2791
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TimeSeries Table

• A query by location (FeatureID) and type
  (TSTypeID)
• Create a plot of time series related to a feature

Well HydroID 2791
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Data views

• A type-time view Get water levels (TSTypeID 2)
  for 2/2004

Water level in the Edwards Aquifer in 2/2004
Set of layers for different times creates an
animation
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Multi-variable time series

• Multiple variables recorded simultaneously at the
  same location
• Indexed by location (FeatureID), and time
  (TSDateTime)
• Example water quality parameters

Variables
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Multi-variable time series

• Can query for multiple variables together

New Braunfels Springs
Well HydroID 2833
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RasterSeries

• Raster datasets indexed by time
• Each raster represents a continuous surface
  describing a variable for a given time

January 1991
January 1992
January 1993
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Feature Series

• A collection of features indexed by time
• Example of particle tracks
• Features are indexed by TSType, TSDateTime, and
  GroupID
• Each group of features creates a track over time

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Components

• Geology - mostly representation of geologic data
  from geologic maps
• Wells and Boreholes Description of well
  attributes and vertical data along wells
• Hydrostratigraphy 2D and 3D description of
  hydrostratigraphy
• Temporal - Representing time series data
• Simulation representation of groundwater
  simulation models

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Representing simulation models

• Georeference model inputs and outputs (in space
  and time)
• Focus on MODFLOW, block centered finite
  difference grid (nodes are in the center of the
  cells)
• Represent 2D and 3D models

Mesh-centered Finite difference grid
Block-centered finite difference grid
Finite element grid
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Simulation
Features for representing data from simulation
models
Cell2D
Cell2D
Boundary
Cell3D
Node
Node
Cell3D
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Tools for read model inputs/outputs
Example Create water budgets for selected cells
Water budget terms for the defined zone
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Groundwater Modeling System