Early US Foreign Policy

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Early US Foreign Policy

• US History

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• Washingtons Presidency

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POLITICAL AFFAIRS
-British harassment in the west 1. Weapons to
Indians 2. Impressment -French Revolution in
1789 Fight for democracy in France -British
and French at war France want US help -U.S.
neutrality Proclamation of Neutrality Not
taking sides France is angry
Because of their alliance with the U.S. after the
American Revolution, the French expected help in
their revolution. However, the American reaction
split along party lines, with the Federalists
against and the Democratic-Republicans for.
Washington, however, declared neutrality.
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POLITICAL AFFAIRS

• -Jays Treaty meant to avoid war with the British
• -trade treaty with Britain
• -highly unpopular b/c of the Revolution
• Only agreed to leave forts in the West still
  attacking American ships and impressing sailors
• -Pinckneys Treaty
• -trade treaty with Spain
• -access to the Mississippi R.
• Agreed to control natives in FL while U.S. agreed
  to control those in GA
• -Treaty of Greenville
• -Battle of Fallen Timbers
• -Ohio Valley area given up by natives

The Treaty of Greenville granted the Ohio Valley
area, also known as the Northwest Territory, to
the United States. This was given up by the
natives after the Battle of Fallen Timbers.
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Reaction to Jays Treaty According to this
political cartoon, what do you think MOST
Americans thought about the deal between the U.S.
and Britain following Jays Treaty? Why?
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WASHINGTONS WARNING
-served two terms but refused another Would not
be another King George -political fighting had
already begun Hamilton v. Jefferson -Farewell
Warnings -no political parties -no
involvement in foreign affairs
As a very important source of strength and
security, cherish public credit. One method of
preserving it is to use it as sparingly as
possible. George Washington
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• Federalist Period

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XYZ AFFAIR

• -Neutrality strained relations with France and
  Britain
• War with them closer, U.S. not strong enough
• -U.S sends ambassadors to France to patch
  relations
• -bribes were demanded by the French
• Sent out agents X,Y, and Z instead of ambassador
• Demand money to see him
• -US was outraged as story emerged
• U.S. not taken seriously
• See you on the seas

Cinque-tetes, or the Paris Monster, is the
title of this political cartoon satirizing the
XYZ Affair. On the right, the five members of
the French Directory, or the ruling executive
body, are depicted as a five-headed monster
demanding money. The three American
representatives, Gerry, Pinckney, and Marshall,
are on the left, exclaiming, Cease bawling,
monster! We will not give you six-pence!
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The XYZ Affair - Maiden America ravaged by the
French
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XYZ AFFAIR
-Political Parties oppose each other -Federalists
align with British -Dem-Republicans align with
French -nearly leads to war Two year undeclared
war with France -Convention of 1800 avoids
war Adams makes peace with French Federalists
angry with Adams
Millions for defense, but not one cent for
tribute!
After the XYZ Affair, Congress created a navy
department and authorized American ships to seize
French vessels. 1200 men marched to Washington
to volunteer for war, and Congress authorized the
creation of an army of 50,000 troops. While war
was never officially declared, for the next two
years an undeclared naval war raged between
France and the U.S.
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ALIEN SEDITION ACTS

• -Federalists passed laws to limit criticism of
  govt by those sensitive to the French
  (Dem-Republicans) and restrict citizenship rights
• -would have limited freedom of speech and allowed
  deportation of unpopular aliens
• Could not speak out against the government
• Quieted all opposition

Anti-French feeling flourished, and many
Federalists believed that French agents were
everywhere, plotting to overthrow the government.
New arrivals from foreign countries were held in
particular suspicion, especially because
immigrants were active in the Dem.-Rep. party.
Some of the most vocal critics of Adams were
foreign-born and immigrants. To counter what
they saw as a growing threat against government,
the Federalists passed the Alien and Sedition
Acts.
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• Washingtons death was instrumental in improving
  conditions with France. Napoleon Bonaparte, now
  first consul of France, hoped to lure American
  friendship away from the British and back to the
  French. Napoleon ordered ten days of mourning to
  be observed in the French armies for the American
  leader. Soon, Napoleon would offer even greater
  concessions to the Americans.

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• Jeffersons Presidency

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WESTERN EXPANSION

• -Indian Conflicts
• Settlers moving West and pushing natives off
  their land
• - unfair treaties
• American settlers not upholding promises made
  to natives-
• Tecumsehs League
• Group of natives led by Tecumseh
• Ready to attack American settlers, aided by
  British

White peoplehave driven us from the great salt
water, forced us over the mountains, and would
shortly push us into the lakes. But we are
determined to go no farther. The only way to stop
this evil is for all red men to unite.
Tecumseh
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WESTERN EXPANSION

• - Battle of Tippecanoe (1811-Madisons Term)
• Tecumsehs men set up here
• William Henry Harrison
• Governor of Indiana who attacked Tecumsehs
  League at Tippecanoe before they could attack him
• Shatters Native American morale

In November 1811, while Tecumseh was absent, his
brother and aid led the Shawnee in an attack on
Harrison and his troops near Tippecanoe.
Harrison struck back and burned the Shawnee
capital to the ground. Harrisons victory, known
as the Battle of Tippecanoe, made him a national
hero.
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FOREIGN AFFAIRS

• -US neutrality between Britain and France???
• Needed trade with both sides
• Jays Treaty expired
• War among European nations
• -British began impressment of sailors
• Making American sailors fight for the British
  Navy
• British attack U.S. ship

Impressment of American sailors into the Royal
British Navy
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FOREIGN AFFAIRS
It has paralyzed industryOur fertile lands are
reduced to sterility. It will drive our seamen
into foreign employ, and our fisherman to foreign
sandbanksIt has dried up our revenue.
Philip Key, Congressmen

• -Jefferson gets Embargo Act passed to cut off
  trade hurts U.S. business more than Europe
• Angry about attacking American ships will not
  trade with anyone
• Ruins Jeffersons presidency
• Congress repealed in 1809
• -War Hawks emerge
• Want to begin war with British
• Henry Clay/John C. Calhoun
• Possibility of gaining lands
• Revenge for helping Indians

Mr. President, if you know what is good for your
future welfare you will take off the embargo that
is now such a check upon American commerce
New England merchant, 1808
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• Early 1800s

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WAR OF 1812

• -James Madison became President in 1808
• -British continue harassment of U.S. trade and
  settlers
• Impressment, aiding natives
• -US declares war on Britain
• Mr. Madisons War
• Small army and navy
• -U.S. fails to invade Canada
• British keep Canada

By the spring of 1812, President Madison decided
to go to war against Britain. Madison believed
that Britain was trying to strangle American
trade and cripple the American economy. Congress
approved the war declaration in early June.
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WAR OF 1812

• -British burn parts of Washington, 1814
• Turn to Baltimore harbor
• Francis Scott Key writes anthem at Ft. McHenry

By 1814, the superior British were raiding and
burning towns all along the Atlantic coast. The
redcoats brushed aside some hastily-assembled
soldiers and entered Washington, D.C. In
retaliation for the U.S. victory at the Battle of
York, the capital of Upper Canada, in which U.S.
forces burned the governors mansion and the
legislative assembly buildings, the British
burned the Capitol, the White House, and other
public buildings. On August 24, Madison and
other federal officials had to flee from their
own capital.
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Francis Scott Key writes the Star Spangled Banner
after the all-night bombardment at Fort McHenry
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WAR OF 1812

• -Hartford Convention debates New Englands part
  in warFederalists opposing the war
• Want constitutional amendments to increase New
  Englands powerstates rights
• -Treaty of Ghent, 1814 (nothing changed hands)
• Officially ends the War of 1812
• America recognized as a strong nation

U.S. and Britain sign the Treaty of Ghent,
officially ending the War of 1812
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Foreign Affairs

• -end of the war of 1812
• -Era of Good Feelings
• U.S. is prosperous and growing national pride
• -northern border with Canada established
• 49th parallel
• British give up territory to U.S. near Oregon
• -Florida becomes part of the US, 1819
• -Adams-Onis Treaty also sets SW border with
  Spanish Mexico
• Spain breaks Pinckney Treaty

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Frontier violence with Native Americans as Spain
breaks Pinckney Treaty
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Monroe Doctrine

• -James Monroe became President in 1816
• -U.S. is still a fragile nation in the world
  arena
• -attempts to claim part of the world as our own
  neighborhood
• Wants to protect western hemisphere from Europe
• -Monroe Doctrine
• states that Europeans should not interfere
  with this hemisphere
• Any attack seen as attack on the U.S.

The American continents, are henceforth not to
be considered as subjects for future colonization
by any European powers. . . James Monroe