Foreign Affairs and National Security

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Foreign Affairs and National Security

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Title: Foreign Affairs and National Security

1
Foreign Affairs and National Security

What is foreign policy?
What is the difference between isolationism and
internationalism?
How does the Department of State function?
How do the Department of Defense and the military
departments function?

2
Isolationism to Internationalism

For more than 150 years, the American people were
chiefly interested in domestic affairs, or what
was happening at home.
Foreign affairs, or the nations relationships
with other countries, were of little or no
concern.
Isolationism, the purposeful refusal to become
generally involved in the affairs of the rest of
the world, was American policy during this time.
Since World War II, however, U.S. policy has
featured a broadening of American involvement in
global affairs.

3
Foreign Policy Defined

A nations foreign policy is made up of all the
stands and actions that a nation takes in every
aspect of its relationships with other countries.
The President, the nations chief diplomat and
commander in chief of its armed forces, has
traditionally carried the major responsibility
for both the making and conduct of foreign policy.

4
The State Department

The State Department is headed by the secretary
of state, who ranks first among the members of
the Presidents Cabinet.
An ambassador is a personal representative
appointed by the President to represent the
nation in a foreign country in matters of
diplomacy.
The State Department issues passports,
certificates issued to citizens who travel or
live abroad.
Diplomatic immunity is usually applied to
ambassadors and means that they are not subject
to the laws of state to which they are
accredited.

5
The Defense Department
This chart shows the chain of command of the
American military services.
6
The Military Departments

The Department of the Army
The army is the largest and the oldest of the
armed services.
The army consists of standing troops, or the
Regular Army, and its reserve unitsthe Army
National Guard and Army Reserve.
The Department of the Navy
The navys major responsibilities are for sea
warfare and defense.
The U.S. Marine Corps, a combat-ready land force,
are under the auspices of navy command.
The Department of the Air Forces
The air force is the youngest branch of the armed
services.
The air forces main responsibility is to serve
as the nations first line of defense.

7
Section 1 Assessment

1. United States foreign policy might consist of
any of the following EXCEPT
(a) intrastate energy disputes.
(b) protection of overseas interests.
(c) international trade policy.
(d) sending diplomats to global conferences.
2. Under the principle of civilian control of the
military,
(a) the military acts as an independent and
autonomous body.
(b) military generals have unrestricted control
of the armed forces.
(c) mandatory service is used as a means of
recruitment.
(d) an officer of the people has ultimate control
of the armed forces.

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8
Section 1 Assessment

1. United States foreign policy might consist of
any of the following EXCEPT
(a) intrastate energy disputes.
(b) protection of overseas interests.
(c) international trade policy.
(d) sending diplomats to global conferences.
2. Under the principle of civilian control of the
military,
(a) the military acts as an independent and
autonomous body.
(b) military generals have unrestricted control
of the armed forces.
(c) mandatory service is used as a means of
recruitment.
(d) an officer of the people has ultimate control
of the armed forces.

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chapter? Click Here!
9
Other Foreign and Defense Agencies

What agencies are involved in foreign and defense
policy?
How do the CIA, NASA, the Selective Service
System, and the Office of Homeland Security
contribute to the nations security?

10
The CIA and the Office of Homeland Security

The CIA
The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is a key
part of the foreign policy establishment.
The CIA is responsible for collecting, analyzing,
and reporting information for the President and
the NSC.
A full range of espionage, or spying, activities
are undertaken by the CIA.

The Office of Homeland Security
The Office of Homeland Security is part of the
Executive Office of the President. Its director
has cabinet rank.
The office oversees the anti-terrorist efforts of
federal, State, and local agencies, including the
FBI, the CIA, the Coast Guard, and local police
forces.

11
NASA and the Selective Service

NASA
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration
(NASA) is the independent agency that deals with
the nations space policy.
The Selective Service
The Selective Service System handles, when
necessary, the conscriptionor draftof citizens
for service in the armed forces.

12
Section 2 Assessment

1. Information gathering in foreign nations, or
espionage, falls under the auspices of
(a) the Selective Service System.
(b) the CIA.
(c) NASA.
(d) the Executive Office of the President.
2. The Selective Service System handles matters
involved with
(a) conscription.
(b) customer relations.
(c) staffing federal agencies.
(d) none of the above.

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13
Section 2 Assessment

1. Information gathering in foreign nations, or
espionage, falls under the auspices of
(a) the Selective Service System.
(b) the CIA.
(c) NASA.
(d) the Executive Office of the President.
2. The Selective Service System handles matters
involved with
(a) conscription.
(b) customer relations.
(c) staffing federal agencies.
(d) none of the above.

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chapter? Click Here!
14
American Foreign Policy Overview

What were the themes in American foreign policy
through World War I?
How did the two World Wars affect Americas
traditional policy of isolationism?
What are the principles of collective security
and deterrence?
How did the United States resist Soviet
aggression during the cold war?
How can we describe American foreign policy since
the end of the cold war?

15
Foreign Policy From Independence Through World
War I

For 150 years, the United States had a policy of
isolationism, as stated in George Washingtons
Farewell Address.
The Monroe Doctrine (1823) warned Europe to stay
out of the affairs of North and South America and
established the United States as the hegemonic
power of the Western Hemisphere.
Throughout the nineteenth century, the United
States expanded across the North American
continent through both land purchases and
military conquests.
As the United States expanded commercially in the
late nineteenth century, so did the reach of its
foreign policy, as seen in the Good Neighbor
policy in effect in Latin America during the
early 1900s, and the Open Door Policy for China
during the same time.

16
World War I and World War II

World War I
The United States entered World War I after
continued disruptions of American commerce by
German submarine warfare.
After the defeat of Germany and the Central
Powers, the nation retreated to a policy of
isolationism.
World War II
The bombing of Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941,
drew the United States into World War II, joining
the Allies (the Soviet Union, Britain, and China)
fighting against the Axis Powers (Italy, Japan,
and Germany).
World War II led to a historic shift away from
isolationism to an increased role in global
affairs by the United States.

17
Two New Principles

Collective Security
Collective security, favored by the United States
following World War II, involves a world
community in which most nations would agree to
act together against any nation that threatened
the peace.
Deterrence
Deterrence is the policy of making America and
its allies so militarily strong that their very
strength will deterdiscourage, or even
preventany attack.

18
Resisting Soviet Aggression
The cold war was a period of more than 40 years
during which relations between the United States
and the Soviet Union were tense, but did not
result in direct military action between the two.

The Truman Doctrine
The Truman Doctrine established the policy of
containment, an effort to contain the spread of
communism throughout the nations of the world.
The Berlin Blockade
In 1948, the Soviet Union cut off all land
transit to West Berlin. The United States
responded with an airlift of goods to the city.
The Cuban Missile Crisis
In 1962, it was discovered that the Soviet Union
was building missiles on the island of Cuba. A
heated stand-off between the Soviet Union and
America ensued.
The Korean War
The Korean War was fought under the auspices of
the United Nations after the forces of communist
North Korea invaded South Korea.
The War in Vietnam
The United States dedicated thousands of troops
in an effort to resist aggression by communist
forces in Vietnam.

19
From Détente Through the Present

Following the U.S. withdrawal from Vietnam, the
Nixon administration embarked on a policy of
détente.
Détente is a French term meaning relaxation of
tensions.
Nixon would become the first U.S. President to
visit mainland China in 1972. He also visited
Moscow during his administration.
The cold war came to an end with the dissolution
of the Soviet Union in 1991.
January 1991 brought the Persian Gulf War, with
American forces spear-heading a multinational
force to drive Iraqi forces out of Kuwait.
The United States declared a war on terrorism in
response to the attacks of September 11, 2001.

20
Section 3 Assessment

1. For much of the United States first 150 years,
its foreign policy was one of
(a) internationalism.
(b) isolationism.
(c) imperialism.
(d) commercialism.
2. Collective security refers to
(a) the goal of most of the nations of the world
to act together to maintain the peace.
(b) a free market ideal aimed at creating new
markets for American goods.
(c) a policy of tariffs and duties to protect
American industries.
(d) the goal of the United States to expand its
borders.

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chapter? Click Here!
21
Section 3 Assessment

1. For much of the United States first 150 years,
its foreign policy was one of
(a) internationalism.
(b) isolationism.
(c) imperialism.
(d) commercialism.
2. Collective security refers to
(a) the goal of most of the nations of the world
to act together to maintain the peace.
(b) a free market ideal aimed at creating new
markets for American goods.
(c) a policy of tariffs and duties to protect
American industries.
(d) the goal of the United States to expand its
borders.

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chapter? Click Here!
22
Foreign Aid and Defense Alliances

What are the two types of foreign aid?
How can we describe United States foreign aid
policy?
What are the major security alliances to which
the United States belongs?
What is United States policy in the Middle East?
What role does the United Nations play, and what
problems does it face?

23
Foreign Aid

Foreign aideconomic and military aid to other
countrieshas been a basic feature of American
foreign policy for more than 50 years.
Most aid has been sent to those nations regarded
as the most critical to the realization of this
countrys foreign policy objectives.
Most foreign aid money must be used to buy
American goods and products.

24
Security Alliances

NATO
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was
formed to promote the collective defense of
Western Europe.
Today, NATOs purpose has changed. With the
collapse of the Soviet Union, NATOs goals have
broadened to include peacekeeping roles, such as
in the Balkans, and establishing a continued
relationship with Russia.

Other Alliances
The United States is also part of the Rio Pact
with Canada and Latin America, the ANZUS pact
with Australia and New Zealand, as well as other
pacts in the Pacific region.
The United States has also taken an active
interest in the actions that unfold in the Middle
East, although America is not part of any formal
alliance in the region.

25
The United Nations

The United Nations was formed following World War
II to promote peace and security across the
globe.
The General Assembly acts as the town meeting of
the world.
Oversight and maintenance of international peace
is delegated to the UN Security Council, of which
the United States is a permanent member.
Peacekeeping missions, international aid to
children and women, and investigations and aid
for world health services are all examples of
current United Nations functions.

26
Section 4 Assessment