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Chapter Two Principles of Ecology Matter,
Energy and Life
from your text, Principles of Environmental Scienc
e Inquiry and Applications, 2nd ed. William and
Mary Ann Cunningham. (New York McGraw-Hill, 2003)
3
Required Reading

• Chapter Two "Principles of Ecology Matter,
  Energy, and Life. from your text, Principles of
  Environmental Science Inquiry and Applications.
  2nd ed. William and Mary Ann Cunningham. (New
  York McGraw-Hill, 2003)
• .

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Chapter Two Objectives

• Objectives
• At the end of this lesson, you should be able to
• describe matter, atoms, and molecules
• list the four major kinds of organic compounds in
  cells give simple examples of their roles
• define energy, and explain the difference between
  kinetic and potential energy
• explain the principles of conservation of matter
  and energy and describe how the laws of
  thermodynamics affect living systems
• explain how photosynthesis captures energy for
  life and how cellular respiration releases that
  energy to do useful work in a cell
• define species, populations, biological
  communities, and ecosystems, and understand the
  ecological significance of these levels of
  organization
• discuss food chains, food webs, and trophic
  levels in biological communities, and explain why
  there are pyramids of energy, biomass, and
  numbers of individuals in the trophic levels of
  an ecosystem and
• explain the importance of material cycles, such
  as carbon and nitrogen cycles, in ecosystems.

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Chapter Two Key Terms McGraw-Hill Course Glossary

• Ecosystem
• Energy
• First law of thermodynamics
• Food web
• Herbivores
• Ions
• Kinetic energy
• Matter
• Metabolism
• Molecules
• Nitrogen cycle
• Omnivores

• Acids
• Atom
• Bases
• Biological community
• Biomass
• Carbon cycle
• Carnivores
• Cellular respiration
• Compound
• Conservation of matter
• Consumers
• Decomposer
• Ecology

• Organic compounds
• pH
• Photosynthesis
• Potential energy
• Primary producers
• Productivity
• Second law of thermodynamics
• Species
• Tropic level

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Chapter Two - Topics

• Energy and Matter in the Environment
• Organizing Living Things Species and Ecosystems
• Biochemical Cycles and Life Processes

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Part 1 Energy and Matter in the Environment
To understand how ecosystems function, it is
important to first know something about how
energy and matter behave - in the universe and in
living things. It is also important to understand
the basic building blocks of life, starting with
cells and organisms, and proceeding to
communities and populations.
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Interrelated Scientific Principles Matter,
Energy and Environment
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Ecology

• The scientific study of relationships between
  organisms and their environment
• Examines the life histories, distribution, and
  behavior of individual species, as well as the
  structure and function of natural systems at the
  level of populations, communities, ecosystems,
  and landscapes
• Encourages us to think holistically about
  interconnections that make whole systems more
  than just the sum of their individual parts
• Examines how and why materials cycle between the
  living and nonliving parts of our environment

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Matter and Energy

• Matter and energy are essential constituents of
  both the universe and living organisms.
• Matter - everything that takes up space and has
  mass
• Energy - the capacity to do work

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Potential vs. Kinetic Energy
Figure 2.1 text

• Potential energy - stored energy that is latent
  but available for use
• Kinetic energy - the energy contained in moving
  object

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Heat and Temperature
Heat - describes the total kinetic energy of
atoms or molecules in a substance not associated
with bulk motion of the substance Temperature -
a measure of the speed of motion of a typical
atom or molecule in substance Heat and
temperature are not the same. A substance can
have a low temperature (low average molecular
speed) but a high heat content (much mass and
many moving molecules or atoms). For example, a
lake might feel cold to your hand, but it
contains an immense amount of stored heat.
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Energy Quality

• Low Quality Energy
• Diffused, dispersed, or low in temperature
• Difficult to gather and use for productive
  purposes
• Example heat stored in the oceans
• High Quality Energy
• Intense, concentrated, or high in temperature
• Useful in carrying out work
• Example high-voltage electrical energy
• Many of our most common energy sources are
  low-quality and must be concentrated or
  transformed into high-quality sources before they
  are useful to us.

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Conservation of Matter
Under ordinary circumstances, matter is neither
created nor destroyed. It is recycled endlessly.

• Matter is transformed and combined in different
  ways, but it doesn't disappear. Everything goes
  somewhere.
• The atoms and molecules in your body have passed
  through many other organisms, over millions of
  years.

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Properties of Energy
Energy cannot be recycled. Energy is reused, but
it is constantly degraded or lost from the
system.
Most energy used in ecosystems originates as
solar energy. Green plants convert some of this
energy to chemical energy, which is then
converted to heat or kinetic energy by the animal
that eats the plant.
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Laws of Thermodynamics
First Law of Thermodynamics Energy cannot be
created or destroyed, only changed Second Law
of Thermodynamics With each successive energy
transfer or transformation in a system, less
energy is available to do work. Even though the
the total amount of energy remains the same, the
energy's intensity and usefulness
deteriorate. The second law recognizes the
principle of entropy, the tendency of all natural
systems to move towards a state of increasing
disorder.
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Atoms, Molecules, and Compounds

• Most material substances can exist in three
  interchangeable states solid, liquid, or gas.
• Element - substance that cannot be broken down
  into simpler substances by ordinary chemical
  reactions
• Atom - the smallest particle that exhibits the
  characteristics of an element
• Molecule - a combination of two or more atoms
• Compound - a molecule made up of two or more
  kinds of atoms held together by chemical bonds

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Fig. 2.3
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Periodic Table of the Elements
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Elements and Environmental Science
Just four elements - carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
and nitrogen - make up over 96 of the mass of
most organisms.
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Chemical Bonding

• Ionic Bond - Formed when one atom gives up an
  electron to another atom.
• Covalent Bond - Formed when two or more atoms
  share electrons.
• Energy is needed to break chemical bonds.
• Energy is released when bonds are formed.

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Fig. 2.4
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Water Molecule
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Water A Unique Compound

• Sixty to 70 percent of the weight of living
  organisms
• Medium in which all of life's chemical reactions
  occur
• Good electrical conductor
• Highest surface tension of any common, natural
  liquid
• Liquid over a wide temperature range
• Expands when it crystallizes, unlike most
  substances
• High heat of vaporization
• High specific heat

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A Chemical Reaction
Chemical reactions, the breaking and forming of
molecular bonds, create all the simple and
complex compounds and substances on which life
depends.
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Acids and Bases

• Acids are compounds that readily release hydrogen
  ions (H) in water.
• Bases are substances that readily take up
  hydrogen ions (H) and release hydroxide ions
  (OH-) in solution.
• Strength measured by concentration of H.
• pH scale
• 0-14

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Fig. 2.5
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Cells The Fundamental Units of Life

• Microscopic organisms, such as bacteria and
  protozoa, are composed of single cells.
• The human body contains several trillion cells of
  about two hundred distinct types.
• Enzymes catalysts that speed up the rate of
  chemical reactions in living systems
• Metabolism - all the energy and matter exchanges
  that occur within a living cell or organism

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The Electromagnetic Spectrum
The wavelengths of visible light drive
photosynthesis.
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Photosynthesis
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Light and Dark Reactions of Photosynthesis
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Respiration
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Energy Exchange in an Ecosystem
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Part 2 Organizing Living Things

• Organism
• Population
• Biological
• Community
• Ecosystem
• Biosphere

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Food Web Cross-connected Food Chains
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Energy Pyramid
Most energy in most ecosystems is stored in the
bodies of primary producers. Only about 10
percent of the energy at one energy level passes
to the next highest trophic level.
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Bioaccumulation
Lake Laberge, a remote lake in northwestern
Canada, has been affected by organic chemicals
that have been transported thousands of
kilometers by wind and weather. The biggest fish
in the lake are extremely contaminated due to
bioaccumulation, a steady accumulation of toxins
through food webs.
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The Carbon Cycle
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The Nitrogen Cycle
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Nitrogen Fixation
The nodules on the roots of this plant contain
bacteria that help convert nitrogen in the soil
to a form the plant can utilize.
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The Phosphorous Cycle
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The Sulfur Cycle