Deng Xiaoping

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Deng Xiaoping

• Deng the Small and Plain

Kevin R. Sacerdote (except where noted) Mandarin
HS Jacksonville, FL USA
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Sources

• Deng A Political Biography
• Benjamin Yang,
• M.E. Sharpe Publishers (1998)

• China and the Legacy of Deng Xiaoping
• Micheal E. Marti,
• Brasseys, Inc. (2002)

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Whether a cat is black or white makes no
difference. As long as it catches mice, it is a
good cat Deng Xiaoping But he also backs Free
Trade, Not Free People
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Deng Xiaoping

• Born 1904 Died 1997 (92)
• Barley 5 Tall, 120 Lbs.
• Joined the Communist Revolution in the 1920s
• Became the Dominant Leader of the Chinese
  Communist Party (CCP)
• He dismantled Maoism (Yang)

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1976 The Year of the Dragon

• January 8th Zhou Enlai Died
• Deng was chosen to give the funeral eulogy
• Mao did not attend
• Physical and Political Reasons
• Sent Pine Wreath In Memory of Comrade Zhou
  Enlai
• Mao reduces the role of Deng (semi-purge)
• Angry at comments about the Cultural Revolution
• Mao promotes Hua Guofeng (Yang, pp. 189-213)

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1976 The Year of the Dragon

• April 7th Politburo announces two directives of
  Mao
• Removal of Deng from all leadership (in and out
  of the CCP)
• BUT Deng lost his leadership, not his party
  membership
• Why is Mao lenient?
• Appoints Hua Guofeng as Premier, Maos heir
  apparent (Yang, pp. 189-213)

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1976 The Year of the Dragon

• September 9th Mao Dies
• Hua Guofeng heads the Politburo
• The Gang of Four Attempt to seize power
• Includes Maos Wife Jiang Qing (Madame Mao)
• Arrested Oct. 20th,
• 1 Million March to Cheer
• Put on trial, guilty, jailed
• Nobody respected Hua as an individual
  politician, but everybody had to respect him as a
  legitimate authority ( Yang, p. 196)

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The Gang of Four on Trial
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Gang of Four On Trial

• The most celebrated defendant is Jiang Qing, 67,
  the widow of Mao Tse-tung
• The Gang of Four, led Mao's reckless and violent
  Cultural Revolution from 1966 to 1976
• They were arrested four years ago, shortly after
  Mao's death in 1976
• Deng had been critical of the Cultural Rev. the
  Gang of Four
• 20,000-word indictment
• http//www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,9
  24552,00.htmlixzz1MR7HFRkm

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Gang of Four Out of the Way

• They were sentence to death,
• Later commuted to long-term imprisonment
• After a period of political indoctrination Jian
  Qing was released in 1991 and died soon after
• some reports say she committed suicide

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Prior to Maos Death Deng Falls Out of his
Favor Twice Deng Xiaoping Liu Shaoqi
(Died in Prison)
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Dengs Re-education(s) (Labeled a Capitalist
Roader)

• First time Oct.. 20, 1969 Feb. 20, 1973
• Sent to Jiangxi Province, allowed to stay in CCP
• Lived in a two story building
• Half an hours walk from the tractor-repair
  facility
• Both he and his wife worked mornings there
• Deng Wrote Mao Several Times for Forgiveness
• Deng Pufang (His Eldest Son allowed back to a
  Hospital) (Yang, 167-173)

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Dengs Second Banishment

• April 1976 until July 1977
• Allowed to stay in Beijing
• Fully REHABILITATED by the Partys 11th
  Congress
• Dec. 18-22, 1978
• Cultural Revolution was denounced
• Party turns on Hua Guofengs powers are reduced
• Turning Point for Deng Democracy Wall (Yang,
  p. 200-205)
• Hu Yaobang made Party Secretary

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China Mao Deng

• Mao Zedong VS Deng Xiaoping?
• Is the China that emerged in the 1990s the type
  of China that Mao Zedong had envisioned and
  worked toward?
• To what extent did Deng Xiaopings policies and
  crackdowns change China?
• How are communism and capitalism existing side by
  side in China today?
• www.sanjuan.edu/.../files/china20under20deng20-
  20economic.ppt

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Background to Deng Xiaoping

• Participated in the Long March with Mao
• Rose to power in the CCP as the general secretary
• Views on economics differed from Mao
• Mao egalitarian, Deng focused on economic
  development
• During the failure of the Great Leap Forward,
  Deng suggested allowing privatization of farms to
  increase food production (Lenins NEP?)
• Survives all of Maos purges
• Deng utilized free market to revive the economy
  from GLF
• Back to politics in 1973 with the help of Zhou
  Enlai
• 1978 becomes the Chairman of the PLA (Peoples
  Liberation Army) key to controlling China
• He is 74 years old at the time!!!

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De-Maoization

• Against the Cultural Revolution 1979 declared a
  major setback
• Four Modernizations industry, agriculture,
  science and technology, and national defence
• Dengs policies more practical and responsive to
  the economic times
• Willing to alter communist ideologies for whats
  best for the country

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Deng Xiao Pings Successes

• Education
• Tries to reverse the un-education of the
  Cultural Revolution
• encourages studying abroad
• intellectuals sent to the farms during the
  Cultural Revolution, Hundred Flowers and Great
  Leap Forward were allowed to reunite with their
  families
• Promotes learning in universities and scientific
  research
• He studied in France in his 20s

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Deng Xiao Pings Successes

• Economics
• Farmers were allowed to produce more food on
  their own initiative
• Private ownership is allowed
• Borrowed from foreign states to boost
  infrastructure (failure?)
• 1979 Special Economic Zones instead of borrowing
  money
• First four cities Shenzen, Zhuhai, Shantou,
  Xiamen near HK and Taiwan were given
  administrative independence and legal freedom to
  conduct foreign trade

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• An open door policy announced 1979
• Four Special Economic Zones were created to
  open regions to foreign investment and
  partnerships
• Markets rather than central direction

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SEZs Locations

• Guangdong Province
• Fujian Province
• Hainan Province
• Hunchun
• Pudong Development Zone (Shanghai)

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Southeast China
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Special Economic Zones

• Special tax incentive for foreign investment in
  the SEZs
• Greater independence is provided for
  International trade activities
• Products are primarily export oriented
• Market driven economic activity
• Attracts and utilizes foreign capital
• Means to Chinas booming manufacturing industry
  flowing through these zones

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Deng Was the First Communist Leader to Visit the
USA (1979)
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Deng Xiaopings Successes

• 1984 successful negotiation to return Hong Kong
  to the Chinese
• Agreed that HK would be returned to China in
  assurance that it would keep its economic and
  social systems
• Leads to mass emigration (a lot to Richmond) in
  fears of the changeover 80s and 90s
• HK acts like a SEZ
• Instead of China bringing down HK, it seems that
  the success in HK has become a model for China to
  follow

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Deng Xiao Pings Successes

• Tenure was abolished and many made way for more
  qualified people to take government positions
• 1984 revives China to a point that it is self
  sufficient on food
• 1984 successful negotiation to return Hong Kong
  to the Chinese
• Mao re-unified China, Deng pushed its economy
  forward

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Success or Failure?

• One Child Policy 1979
• 1980 China has 1 billion people
• Began as a temporary measure but lasts to today
  and will continue (reassessment in 2010)
• Has been limited to urban populations
• Fines, pressures to abort a pregnancy, and forced
  sterilization accompanied second or subsequent
  pregnancies

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Effects of One Child Policy

• Caused a disdain for female babies
• abortion, neglect, abandonment, and even
  infanticide
• 114 males for every 100 females (world average is
  105100)
• Little Emperor Syndrome of spoiled only
  children
• Estimated to have lowered the population by 300
  million
• 80s generation now of childbearing age and are
  allowed to have two per couple (if you dont have
  siblings)

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Deng Xiao Pings failures

• Continued to purge any threats to the CCP 1978
  and 1986 puts down democratic demonstrations
• No protests (Tiananmen Square)
• 1979 border war with Vietnam
• 1979 failure to revive a relationship with Russia
• Didnt want years of revolution to go to waste
  therefore continued to push for dictatorship, not
  democracy

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Tiananmen Square Massacre 1989

• Leaders of the 1986 demonstration were painted as
  hooligans and were misleading other students
• Hu Yaobing (General Secretary) had been tolerant
  of student demonstrations and dies in 1989
• Students gather to mourn Hus death

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To Get Rich is Gloriousattributed to Deng

• Economic Reforms
• Socialism and a market economy are not
  incompatible
• Opening to international trade and investment
• Export-led growth
• Introduction of profit motive
• Special Economic Zones
• Socialism with Chinese Characteristics or
  Capitalism in a Globalized Era?

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Billboard in Shenzhen Special Economic Zone (SEZ)
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An Economic Miracle

• Chinas economy has grown at about 8 yearly per
  person for the last 30 yearsabout a tenfold
  increase in output per person.
• By some measures, China now has the
  second-largest economy in the world.
• When Deng became leader, over half Chinas
  population was poor by global standard. Now the
  figure stands at 10 or less.
• At the same time, there are about 28 Chinese
  billionaires as of 2010

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The Reforms of Deng Xiaoping

• How Will History Judge His Reforms?

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Toward a Consumer Society

• 1925 Ponds Cream Ad

• 1991 Adsame Product

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Deng Xiaoping

• Deng the Small and Plain

Kevin R. Sacerdote (except where noted) Mandarin
HS Jacksonville, FL USA