Socialist Modernization

1
Socialist Modernization

• Socialist Economics with Chinese Characteristics

2
The new regime

• Hua Guofeng in charge
• Deng Xiaoping lays low at first
• October 1976 Gang of Four arrested (coup
  detat?)
• Hua joined a cabal (Dietrich 238)
• Gang criticized with Cultural Revolution labels
• The Whateverists don Maoist mantle
• March 1977 Deng returns

3
Deng makes his move

• Leads criticism of Gang of Four
• Gets ducks in order through Party Organization
  Department, Central Discipline Inspection
  Commission
• Purges of leftists
• Rehabilitations of allies, rightists
• Boldly counters Maoism with Pragmatism
• Seek truth from facts.
• Red cat, white cat whats the difference, as
  long as it catches mice?

4
Groundwork for capitalist road

• Class struggle no longer needed
• Law of value restored
• Marxism says value-price relation is core of
  capitalism surplus value profit
• This was Maos central critique of Khruschevs
  economics putting profit in command
• Foreign trade encouraged
• Commune system begins to be undermined

5
Conventional reform vs. Bold reform

• Conventionals (Chen Yun leads)
• Socialist planning
• Steady, even growth
• Gradual
• Bolds (Deng, with Zhao Ziyang and Hu Yaobang)
• East Europe and Western influence (modernization
  theory)
• Individual ownership (collective secondary)
• Market and price orientation
• socialism with Chinese characteristics (
  capitalism?)

6
Reforms in practice individualism

• Responsibility system replaces Peoples Communes
  with individual incentive
• Breaking the iron rice bowl
• Welfare rights reduced
• End of guaranteed job
• Socialist commodity economy encourages
  consumption via market

7
Reforms in practice open door

• Trade, investment, tourism, students
• Special Economic Zones (SEZs)
• Foreign investment
• Joint ventures
• Export-led development (Asian tiger model)

8
Four modernizations

• Agriculture
• Industry
• Science and technology
• National defense

9
Problems

• Urban-rural gap grows wider
• Rapid resource depletion (esp. forests
  farmland)
• State-sector inefficiency
• Crime and corruption

10
The Fifth Modernization

• If the liberal economic model (modernization )
  is good, why not the liberal political model?

11
Demands for democracy

• Democracy Wall
• Tolerated, even approved by Deng
• as long as the target was Maoism, Cultural
  Revolution
• The line drawn Party is beyond criticism
• Four Cardinal Principles installed
• Four Great Freedoms removed

12
Developments in the 80s

• Hua out Hu Yaobang chair, Zhao Ziyang premier
  (Deng allies)
• Deng controls military
• Maoism, even Marxism questioned by leaders but
  replaced by what?

13
Developments in the 80s

• Foreign affairs
• Armed conflict with Vietnam
• Acquiring Hong Kong one country, two systems
• Domestic affairs
• Return to clan traditions
• One-child policy
• Emphasis on restrictive higher ed, neglect of
  commune public ed
• Commune health care also dismantled

14
What were the effects of these changes in the
rural villages?

• Gao village as case study

15
Prelude to tragedy

• Late 80s
• economy overheats
• Inflation
• Corruption
• 1985-88 student movement grows
• Physicist Fan Lizhi becomes leading dissident
• Even Hu Yaobang, Zhao Ziyang advocate socialist
  democracy

16
Prelude to tragedy

• What about Deng?
• Tensions with Hu Yaobang Hu resigns as General
  Secretary
• Resigns from Politburo, but
• Still head of military commission
• Secretly still helmsman
• Li Peng on the rise
• Multiple centers of power (Dietrich 278)

17
The spark

• Hu Yaobang dies
• Why did the students like him?

18
Tiananmen Square Chronology

• http//tsquare.tv/
• http//europe.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2001/tiananmen/

19
Tiananmen Crackdown
http//www.cnn.com/resources/video.almanac/1989/in
dex2.html http//wire.ap.org/APpackages/20thcentu
ry/video/tiananmen.html http//www.unc.edu/course
s/hist84/videoarchive/videoarchive.html